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UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 


mOM  TNK   LIBRARY   OF 

PROFESSOR  FELICIEN  VICTOR  PAGET 

BY  BEQUEST  OF  MADAME  PAGET 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/frenchsubjunctivOOclarrich 


lbcatb'0  flDo&ern  XanouaGC  Series 


THE 


FRENCH  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 


A  BRIEF  INDUCTIVE    TREATISE 


WITH   EXERCISES 


BY 


CHARLES   C.    CLARKE,  JR. 

Instructor  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  Yale  University 


BOSTON,   U.S.A. 

D.   C.   HEATH   &   CO.,    PUBLISHERS 

1901 


Copyright,  iqoi. 
By  D.  C.  Hbath  &  Ca 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 

PART   I 

GENERAL  RULES 

PAGB 

Recommendations i 

I.     Believing,  Thinking 3 

II.     Feeling,  Opinion,  Judgment          .....  4 

III.  Wishing,  Ordering,  Forbidding,  Permitting          .         .  4 

IV.  Impersonal  Expressions       ......  5 

V.     Expectation,  Fear,  Doubt,  Denial,  Prevention      .         .  6 

VI.     Indefinite  and  Concessive  Phrases        ....  9 

VII.     Certain  Conjunctive  Expressions           ....  9 

VIII.     Relative  Clause             12 

IX.     Independent  Use  .         .         .         .         .         .         -13 

X.     Conditional  Clauses 14 

XI.     Sequence  of  Tenses 15 

Exercises  for  Part  I 17 

PART    II 

MODIFICATIONS  AND  EXCEPTIONS 

Recommendations 31 

I.     Corresponds  to  Section  I,  Part  I           ....  32 

II.     Corresponds  to  Section  II,  Part  I          ....  35 

III.     Corresponds  to  Section  III,  Part  I        .         .         .         .36 

iii 


134805 


IV 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 


Corresponds 
Corresponds 
Corresponds 
Corresponds 
Corresponds 
Corresponds 
Corresponds 
Corresponds 


to  Section  IV,  Part  I 
to  Section  V,  Part  I 
to  Section  VI,  Part  I 
to  Section  VIH  Part  I 
to  Section  VIII,  Part  I 
to  Section  IX,  Part  I 
to  Section  X,  Part  I 
to  Section  XI,  Part  I 


Exercises  for  Part  II 
Vocabulary 


rAci 
Z7 
39 
39 
40 
42 
44 
44 
44 

52 

63 


THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 


PART   I.     GENERAL   RULES 

In  French  the  Subjunctive  is  the  favorite  mood  for  the  expression 
of  uncertainty.  It  is  found  chiefly  in  subordinate  clauses,  and  espe- 
cially when  such  clauses  follow  a  principal  verb  taken  negatively 
or  interrogatively. 

Recommendations.  Beyond  this  general  remark,  whose 
necessary  vagueness  renders  it  of  little  value,  no  a  priori 
reasoning  about  the  nature  of  the  French  subjunctive 
mood  is  to  be  expected  in  this  book.  Such  reasoning 
not  only  leads  to  disappointment  in  teaching  the  use  of 
this  mood,  but  it  becomes  almost  ridiculous  when  one 
notices  the  widely  varying  purposes  subserved  by  the 
subjunctive  form  even  in  modern  French. 

The  writer's  aim,  then,  will  be  to  present  to  the  learner 
the  facts  about  the  French  subjunctive  mood  as  it  is 
to-day.  This  will  be  done  by  means  of  examples  taken 
from  contemporary  authors,  and  if  quotations  from  works 
earlier  than  the  nineteenth  century  appear,  they  must  be 
understood  as  confirming  present  usage,  not  as  exempli- 
fying that  of  former  times. 

The  student,  once  in  possession  of  the  facts,  will  draw 
his  own  inferences  as  to  the  function  or  functions  of 
the  mood. 


2  THE   FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

But,  first,  let  it  be  understood  that  the  French  sub- 
junctive mood  bears  little  resemblance  to  the  moods  in 
German  and  English  which  are  called  by  the  same  name. 
The  Latin  subjunctive,  too,  although  the  historical  gram- 
marian rightly  sees  in  it  the  early  type  from  which  the 
French  mood  has  developed,  affords  no  real  clew  to  the 
actual  use  of  the  French.  On  the  contrary,  reference 
to  it  merely  confuses  the  student.  Any  preconceived 
idea  that  a  knowledge  of  German  or  Latin  will  solve 
French  subjunctive  problems  should  be  laid  aside  at 
the  start. 

Moreover,  almost  no  help  is  to  be  drawn  from  the 
etymology  of  the  word  "subjunctive.'*  It  will  not  fur- 
nish us  a  key  on  which  we  can  rely.  Many  clauses 
which  are  subordinate  ?cc\A  joined  to  others  are  in  F*rench 
invariable  in  their  use  of  the  indicative  mood.  And 
again,  the  subjunctive  mood  appears  in  a  great  number 
of  expressions  which  are  perfectly  independent  in  their 
form  and  essence.  Only  by  a  grammatical  fiction,  if 
the  term  may  be  permitted,  can  we  maintain  that  vive  le 
roi  and  pliit  a  Dieu,  for  instance,  are  dependent  clauses. 

Finally,  it  is  earnestly  recommended  that  the  student 
pay  careful  attention  to  each  section  of  Part  I  where 
the  main  facts  of  subjunctive  syntax  are  briefly  pre- 
sented, practising  in  connection  with  each  group  the 
exercise  intended  to  accompany  ^it.  No  theorizing  or 
reasoning  will  take  the  place  of  the  mere  observation 
and  drudgery  which  these  exercises  are  planned  to 
supply.  When  this  work  has  been  done,  and  not  until 
it  has  been  done  thoroughly,  Part  II,  on  modifications 
and  exceptions,  should  be  taken  up  in  the  same  manner. 


PART    I.       GENERAL    RULES  3 

Exceptions  are  worse  than  valueless  to  one  who  does 
not  firmly  possess  the  main  rules  of  the  subject.  The 
bane  of  students  of  modern  languages  is  the  gram- 
marian's habit  of  presenting  simultaneously  a  rule  and 
its  exception,  for  the  average  mind  invariably  begins  by 
confusing  the  two  things. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  complete  separation  of  principles 
and  exceptions  in  this  book  will  induce  the  teacher  to 
separate  the  investigation  of  Parts  I  and  II  by  an 
appreciable  interval  of  time  devoted  to  practice. 

The  classification  of  subjunctive  constructions  given 
in  Part  I  is  thought  to  be  clearer  than  any  the  writer 
might  have  borrowed.  Like  all  others  it  is  arbitrary, 
but  it  has  proved  its  advantages  in  actual  use. 

Part  I  is  meant  to  be  studied  with  care.  Part  II  is 
offered  chiefly  for  reference. 

Section  I.     Believing,    Thinking,  etc, 

Je  crois  qu'il  viendra. 

I  believe  that  he  will  come. 

Je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  vienne. 

I  do  not  believe  that  he  will  come. 

Croyez-vous  quMl  vienne  ? 

Do  you  believe  that  he  will  come } 

Observe  in  the  preceding  sentences  that  when  the 
principal  verb  is  affirmative,  the  dependent  clause  has 
the  indicative  mood.  When  the  principal  verb  is  nega- 
tive, or  interrogative,  the  dependent  clause  has  the  sub- 
junctive mood. 


4  THE    FRhNCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

This  we  find  to  be  the  case  with  all  verbs  of  the 
same  general  signification,  such  as,  penser,  supposer, 
pr^endre,  savoir,  and  some  expressions  fike  je  suis 
/favis,  cest  mon  opinion^  and  many  others. 

(For  examples  of  these  verbs  and  their  use,  see  the 
exercise  adapted  to  Section  I.) 


Section  II.     Feeling,  Opinion,  Judgment 

II  est  content  que  nous  soyons  venus. 
He  is  pleased  that  we  have  come. 

Je  suis  fachd  qu'il  ne  soit  pas  all^. 

I  am  angry  that  he  has  not  gone. 

Us  sont  desoles  que  vous  partiez. 
They  are  sorry  that  you  are  leaving. 

In  the  examples  given  above  the  use  of  the  subjunc- 
tive mood  does  not  depend  upon  any  negative  or  inter- 
rogative idea,  as  was  the  case  in  Section  I,  but  is  exacted 
by  the  expression  of  feeling,  opinion,  judgment,  senti- 
ment, in  the  principal  clause.  Aimer,  ditester,  rougir, 
avoir  honte,  itre  ravi,  etre  indigfi/,  etc.,  are  other  expres- 
sions which  require  the  subjunctive  mood  in  the  depend- 
ent clause.     (See  exercise  for  Section  II.) 


Section   III.      Wishing  and  Ordering,   Forbidding  and 
Permitting 

Nous  voulons  que  vous  sortiez. 
We  wish  you  to  go  out. 


PART    I.       GENERAL    RULES  5 

II  defend  que  nous  fassions  cela. 

He  forbids  us  to  do  that. 

Le  roi  ordonne  qu'il  soit  puni. 

The  kmg  orders  that  he  be  punished. 

Permettez-vous  que  je  lise  cette  lettre  ? 

Do  you  permit  me  to  read  this  letter? 

Such  verbs  seem  like  a  mere  extension  of  the  expres- 
sions given  in  the  last  section.  One's  feeling  or  senti- 
ment becomes,  by  a  most  natural  transition,  one's  zvisJi ; 
and  the  zvisJi  turns  by  its  utterance  into  an  order,  —  de- 
Diander,  eontmandcr,  aduiettre,  consentir,  exiger,  maftder, 
sonJiaiter,  are  others  of  this  class. 


Section  IV.     Impersonal  Expressions 

II  faut  que  nous  y  allions. 

It  is  necessary  that  we  go  there. 

II  vaut  mieux  que  vous  attendiez. 

It  is  better  that  you  wait. 

II  serait  bon  qu'elle  restat. 

It  would  be  good  if  she  remained. 

C'est  dommage  que  tout  le  monde  soit  malade. 

It  is  too  bad  that  every  one  is  ill. 

In  general,  though  not  invariably,  the  impersonal 
formula  is  merely  another  way  of  expressing  sentiments 
or  feelings  such  as  were  seen  in  Section  III  and  its 
exercise. 


6  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

The  impersonal  construction  is  very  common  in 
French,  and  may  be  safely  assumed  to  require  the  sub- 
junctive mood  in  the  dependent  clause.  Apparent 
exceptions  to  this  statement  will  be  explained  in  Part  II. 


Section  V.    Expectation,  Fear,  Doubt,  Denial,  Prevention 

J'attends  qu'il  parte. 

I  wait  for  him  to  go  away. 

Je  m» attends  a  ce  qu'il  y  reste. 

I  expect  that  he  will  remain  there. 

II  craint  que  nous  ne  tombions. 

He  fears  lest  wc  fall. 

Nous  doutons  qu'ils  soient  partis. 
We  doubt  that  they  went  away. 

lis  ont  ni^  qu'ils  aient  ktk  avec  vous. 

They  have  denied  that  they  have  been  with  you. 

Empechez  qu»on  ne  vienne  trop  tot. 

Prevent  their  coming  too  soon. 

These  verbs  and  some  others  of  similar  meaning  are 
invariably  followed  by  the  subjunctive  mood  in  the 
dependent  clause.  It  is  a  simple  matter  to  remember 
their  use  as  regards  the  mood  which  follows  them,  but 
the  question  as  to  when  ne  shall  appear  in  the  depend- 
ent clause  is  often  very  troublesome.  As  the  use  or 
omission  of  ne  is  essential  to  know,  observe  it  in  the 
following  examples :  — 


PART    I.       GENERAL    RULES  7 

A, 

Craindre  {and  other  verbs  and  expressions  of  fearing). 

Je  crains  qu'il  ne  soit  venu. 
I  fear  he  has  come. 

Je  ne  crains  pas  qu'il  soit  venu. 
I  am  not  afraid  he  has  come. 

Craignez-vous  qu'il  soit  venu? 
Do  you  fear  lest  he  has  come } 

Notice  'that  when  the  expression  of  fearing  in  the 
principal  clause  is  affirmative,  the  dependent  clause  has 
ne ;  but  that  when  the  principal  clause  is  negative  or 
interrogative^  the  dependent  clause  omits  ne, 

B. 

Empecherj 
Eviter       J 

Cela  empeche  qu'ils  ne  reussissent. 

That  prevents  their  succeeding. 

Cela  n'empeche  pas  qu'ils  viennent. 
Cela  n'empeche  pas  qu'ils  ne  viennent. 

That  does  not  prevent  their  coming. 

Notice  that  empecJier  and  eviter  follow  the  same  rule 
as  craindre^  except  that  the  use  of  ne  after  a  negative  or 
interrogative  principal  clause  is  not  prohibited, 

N.B.  Although  empecher  and  eviter,,  when  affirmative,  are  fol- 
lowed by  ney  the  rule  is  not  so  carefully  observed  as  in  expressions 
of  fear. 


8  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

C. 

Douter 

Nier 

Disconvenir 

II  doute  que  nous  soyons  habiles. 
He  doubts  our  being  skilful. 

Nous  ne  doutons  point  que  vous  ne  soyez  habiles. 

We  do  not  doubt  your  being  skiltul. 

Niez-vous  qu'il  ne  soit  venu  avec  vous? 
Do  you  deny  that  he  came  with  you? 

Notice  that  these  verbs,  as  to  the  use  of  ne  in  the 
dependent  clause,  are  the  opposites  of  craifuirc  and 
expressions  of  fearing.  That  is,  when  negative  or  inter- 
rogative they  do  require  m  in  the  dependent  clause. 

To  sum  up  :  — 

Class  A,  followed  by  ne  only  when  affirmative. 
Class  B,  the  same  rule,  but  may  be  followed  by  ne 

when  negative  and  interrogative. 
Class  C,  the  opposite  of  class  A. 

N.B.  The  introduction  of  pas  in  a  dependent  clause  already 
containing  ne  totally  changes  the  meaning ;  for  instance :  — 

II  a  pear  que  vous  ne  soyez  parti. 
He  is  afraid  lest  you  have  started. 

II  a  peur  que  vous  ne  soyez  pas  parti. 
He  is  afraid  that  you  have  not  started. 

Nous  ne  nions  pas  que  nous  ne  soyons  presses. 
We  do  not  deny  that  we  are  in  a  hurry. 


f  UNIVERStT 

OF 


OF  / 


PART    I.       GENERAL    RULES 

Nous  ne  nions  pas  que  nous  ne  soyons  pas  presses. 

We  do  not  deny  that  we  are  not  in  a  hurry. 

(See  exercise  adapted  to  Section  V  for  further  expres- 
sions and  uses  of  these  sorts.) 


Section  VI.     Indefinite  and  Concessive  Phrases 

Qui  que  ce  soit. 

Any  one  soever. 

Quoi  qu'il  en  soit.  ^ 
However  it  may  be. 

Quel  que  fut  votre  succes. 
Whatever  your  success  was. 

Quelque  grand  que  soit  son  courage. 

However  great  his  courage  may  be. 

Si  forte  que  fiit  sa  voix. 
However  strong  his  voice  was. 

These  expressions,  beginning  with  qiiiy  quoi,  quely 
qiielqne,  and  si,  are  very  common  in  French.  They 
need  no  explanation  as  regards  the  subjunctive  mood. 
It  invariably  appears  in  them. 


Section  VII.     Certain  Conjunctive  Expressions 

II  viendra  k  condition  que  nous  Pattendions. 

He  will  come  on  condition  that  we  wait  for  him. 

AUez  maintenant  afin  que  vous  puissiez  revenir  tot. 

Go  now  in  order  that  you  may^be  able  to  return  soon. 


10  THE   FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

On  nous  invitera,  a  moins  que  nous  ne  soyons  oublies. 
They  will  invite  us  unless  we  are  forgotten. 

The  chief  conjunctive  expressions  which  require  the 
subjunctive  mood  in  the  clause  which  they  introduce 
are :  — 

A  condition  que on  condition  that 

Afin  que in  order  that 

A  moins  que unless 

Au  cas  que in  case 

Avant  que  ....*...  before 

Bien  que although 

Ce  n'est  pas  que      ....  it  is  not  that 

En  cas  que in  case 

Encore  que even  if 

En  attendant  que     ...  until 

Jusqu'a  ce  que until 

Loin  que far  from 

Non  que not  that 

Pour  que in  order  that 

Pourvu  que provided  that 

Pour  peu  que however  little 

Quoique although 

Sans  que unless 

Si  tant  est  que if  so  much  as 

^     Soit  que whether 

Suppose  que supposing  that 

In  all  the  foregoing  constructions,  varied  as  their 
meanings  are,  it  will  be  readily  seen  that  the  subjunc- 
tive serves  to  indicate  some  idea  of  uncertainty. 


PART    I.       GENERAL    RULES  II 

The  form  a  moins  qice  requires  ne  before  the  sub- 
junctive always,  while  avant  que  sometimes  has  it,  e.g.  — 

Nous  irons,  a  moins  qu'il  ne  pleuve. 

We  will  go  unless  it  rains. 

Nous  irons  avant  qu'il  pleuve  (or  ne  pleuve). 

We  will  go  before  it  rains. 

This  use  of  7te  after  avant  que  is  said  by  grammarians 
to  be  correct  only  when  some  idea  of  fear  or  prevention 
is  intended.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  ne  is  often  introduced 
in  cases  where  no  such  idea  enters. 

N.B.  The  conjunction  que  may  be  used  alone  for  certain  of  the 
conjunctive  expressions  given  in  this  section. 

pirai  sans  qu'il  me  vole  ou  qu^il  m'entende. 
I  will  go  without  his  seeing  or  hearing  me. 

Here  the  second  que  is  used  to'  avoid  the  repetition  of  the  whole 
expression  sans  que. 

Nous  attendimes  qu^on  nous  priit. 
We  waited  for  some  one  to  invite  us. 

{Que  stands  iox  jusqu''a  ce  que.) 

Venez  que  je  vous  pr6sente  a  eux. 
Come  that  I  may  present  you  to  them. 

{Que  represents  afiti  que  or  pour  que.) 

Je  n'irai  pas  qu'il  ne  m'ait  vu. 

I  shall  not  go  unless  he  has  seen  me. 

{Que  stands  for  a  moins  que.) 

Prenez  garde  qu'on  ne  vous  trompe. 
Take  care  lest  they  deceive  you. 

{Que  for  de  peur  que,  or  some  closely  allied  idea.) 


12  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

Section  VIII.     Relative  Clame 


C'est  le  meilleur  ami  que  nous  ayons. )   ^ 
He  is  the  best  friend  that  we  have,    j 

II  n'y  a  pas  d'homme  qui  I'admette. )   ^ 

it.     r 


There  is  no  man  who  admits 

II  n'y  avait  que  lui  qui  put  me  repondre. 
There  was  no  one  but  him  who  could  answer  me. 

Je  cherche  un  livre  qui  me  plaise.  )   ^ 

I  am  seeking  a  book  which  shall  please  me.  J 


3^ 


The  above  examples  give  the  four  uses  of  the  sub- 
junctive mood  in  relative  clauses. 

i'^  is  the  case  where  the  antecedent  of  the  relative 
pronoun  is  modified  by  a  superlative^  or  by  a  term 
equivalent  to  a  superlative,  as  dernier^  premier,  senl, 

2°  is  where  the  relative  clause  depends  upon  a  nega- 
tive proposition. 

3°  is  a  case  in  which  the  chief  proposition  is  restric- 
tive in  meaning. 

4**  is  a  case  where  the  substantive,  antecedent  of  the 
relative  pronoun,  is  used  in  a  construction  implying 
uncertainty — as  purpose,  anticipation,  demand,  require- 
ment. 

Note  that  the  case  marked  2""  may  often  be  negative 
only  by  implication,  that  is,  the  chief  clause  may  be  a 
([uestion,  or  a  condition,  implying  the  negative,  e.g,  — 


PART    T.       GENERAL    RULES  1 3 

S'il  y  a  une  personne  qui  soit  habile. 

If  there  is  a  person  who  is  skilful. 

Y  a-t-il  quelqu'un  qui  soit  vraiment  heureux  ? 

Is  there  any  one  who  is  really  happy  ? 


Section  IX.     Indepefiderit  Use 

Qu'ils  meurent  Pliit  a  Dieu. 

Let  them  die.  Might  it  please  God. 

Qu'il  entre.  Vive  le  roi ! 

Let  him  enter.  Live  the  king ! 

Qu'il  rie  ou  qu'il  pleure. 

Let  him  laugh  or  let  him  cry. 
(Whether  he  laugh  or  cry.) 

Ainsi  soit-il.  Je  ne  sache  pas. 

Be  it  so.  I  hardly  know. 

In  the  examples  here  presented  the  subjunctive  mood 
fills  the  want  of  a  third  person,  singular  or  plural,  in 
the  imperative  mood.  The  imperative  use  is  commonly 
introduced  by  que. 

Without  que  the  construction  is  seen  most  frequently 
with  puisse^  sots,  ga^'de^  plaise,  veuille,  vive,  and  pltlt. 
Other  words,  however,  are  so  used  occasionally. 

N.B.  The  peculiar  uses  of  sache  in  je  ne  sache  pas^  meaning  / 
hardly  know,  and  in  pas  queje  sache,  meaning  not  as  far  as  I  know, 
have  no  analogies  in  any  other  verb.  Here  the  office  of  the  sub- 
junctive mood  is  to  weaken  the  force  of  savoir,  and  to  give  to  it  an 
air  of  uncertainty. 


14  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Section  X.     Conditional  Clauses 

Si  vous  le  desirez  et  que  vous  le  demandiez,  etc. 
If  you  wish  it  and  if  you  ask  for  it,  etc. 

II  eut  dit  non  s'il  eiit  su  mon  intention. 

He  would  have  said  no  if  he  had  known  my  intention. 

Un  autre  homme  eiit  dit  cela  plus  clairement. 
Another  man  would  have  said  that  more  clearly. 

n  Paurait  fait  eut-il  kti  plus  fort. 

He  would  have  done  it  if  he  had  been  stronger. 

As  shown  by  these  four  examples,  the  subjunctive 
mood  may  appear  in  conditional  sentences:  first,  in 
place  of  the  indicative  when  si  has  been  replaced  by  que 
to  avoid  a  repetition  ; 

Secondly,  the  compound  imperfect,  or  pluperfect,  of 
the  subjunctive  may  replace  the  compound  imperfect  of 
the  indicative  after  si  ; 

Thirdly,  the  compound  imperfect,  or  pluperfect,  sub- 
junctive may  stand  for  the  compound  conditional  of  the 
conclusion ; 

Fourthly,  the  compound  imperfect  subjunctive,  in  the 
inverted  order,  may  represent  a  condition  without  the  use 
of  si.  This  last  construction  often  gives  the  meaning 
of  even  if  or  althotigh, 

N.B.  The  simple  imperfect  subjunctive  of  devoir y  itre^  and  avoir ^ 
however,  may  appear  in  the  fourth  case.  J^irais  ne  fikt-ce  que  pour 
le  voir,  I  would  go  were  it  only  to  see  him ;  //  serait  pauvre  eut-il 
un  million^  he  would  be  poor  had  he  a  million. 


PART    I.       GENERAL    RULES  15 

Section  XI.      Sequence  of  Tenses 

Je  doute  qu'il  soit  puni. 

I  doubt  that  he  will  be  punished. 

Vous  le  tiendrez  afin  qu'il  ne  tombe  pas. 

You  will  hold  him  in  order  that  he  may  not  fall. 

II  ne  croyait  pas  que  son  frere  fut  seul. 

He  did  not  believe  that  his  brother  was  alone. 

lis  s'en  allerent  sans  qu'on  les  vit. 

They  went  off  without  any  one's  seeing  them. 

II  voudrait  que  sa  tache  fut  finie. 

He  would  like  to  have  his  task  finished. 

On  avait  voulu  qu'elle  fit  des  excuses. 

They  had  wished  her  to  make  excuses. 

Auriez-vous  aim^  qu'il  neigeat  ? 

Would  you  have  liked  it  to  snow  ? 

Sortez,  pour  que  votre  presence   ne   souille   plus   ma 
maison. 

Go  out  that  your  presence  may  not  pollute  my  house 
any  longer. 

Souhaiter  que  vous  soyez  malheureux  ? 

Wish  that  you  may  be  unhappy  .'* 

The  above  examples  would  support  the  statement 
that  present  or  future  time  in  the  principal  clause 
requires  the  present  tense  of  the  subjunctive,  and  that 
past  time  or  the  conditional  mood  in  the  principal  clause 


t6 


THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 


requires  the  imperfect  tense  of  the  subjunctive  in  the 
dependent  clause. 

As  for  the  compound  tenses  of  the  subjunctive,  they 
seem  to  follow  the  same  law  as  if  the  auxiliary  stood 
alone :  — 

II  ne  pense  pas  que  vous  Payez  vu. 

He  does  not  think  that  you  have  seen  him. 

II  ne  pensera  pas  que  vous  I'ayez  vu. 
II  ne  pensait  pas  que  vous  Peussiez  vu. 

Croirait-il  que  vous  Teussiez  vu  ? 
Avaient-ils  suppose  qu'il  fut  rentre? 

Hence  the  following  table  of  sequence:  — 

Principal  Clause  Dependent  Clause 

Present  Indicative. 
Future  Indicative. 
Future  Perfect  Indicative. 
Present  Infinitive. 
Imperative  Mood. 


Present  Subjunctive 

or 
Perfect  Subjunctive. 


Principal  Clause 

Imperfect  Indicative. 
Preterite  Indicative. 
Pluperfect  Indicative. 
Conditional  Mood. 


Dependent  Clause 

Imperfect  Subjunctive 

or 
Pluperfect  Subjunctive. 


N.B.    For  exceptions  and  modifications  see  Section  XI,  Part  II. 


EXERCISES 

N.B.  Before  attempting  to  make  use  of  the  following  exercises, 
notice  carefully  the  Table  of  Sequence  of  Tenses  as  given  Part  I, 
Section  XI,  page  i6,  and  refer  to  it  frequently  when  translating  from 
English  into  French. 

Exercise  i  for  Section  I 

Nous  supposons  qu'on  nous  grondera. 
II  ne  pense  pas  qu'il  ait  tort. 

Pensent-ils  que  M.  Durand  soit  malade  ?  Non,  ils 
pensent  qu'il  se  porte  bien. 

Ils  ne  pretendent  point  que  nous  ayons  tort. 

Je  ne  sais  pas  qu'on  puisse  faire  cela. 

Vous  etes  d'avis  qu'ils  ont  pris  la  fuite. 

Cast  leur  opinion  qu'il  s'est  trompe. 

II  ne  croit  jamais  qu'il  se  trompe. 

Est-ce  votre  opinion  que  nous  nous  trompions } 

Mais  non,  je  ne  crois  pas  que  vous  vous  trompiez. 

/Je  suis  convaincu  que  vous  mentez. 
Nous  sommes  loin  de  penser  qu'il  parte. 
II  ne  supposait  point  qu'il  put  se  faire  mal. 
On  ne  croirait  pas  que  vous  fussiez  faible. 
Croiriez-vous  qu'ils  fussent  venus  ? 
V  Nous  ne  pensions  pas  qu'elles  fussent  si  grandes. 
Personne  n'a  cru  que  je  fusse  la. 
Ne  pensez  pas  que  nous  soyons  fatigues. 
Ne  supposant  pas  qu'elle  soit  la,  je  ne  lui  ecrirai  pas. 

17 


iS  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

We  believe  that  they  will  be  there. 

You  never  believe  that  he  is  right. 

Don't  suppose  that  we  can  do  that. 

Are  you  of  the  opinion  that  he  came  ? 

Does  he  think  that  we -are  deceived.^ 

No,  he  does  not  claim  ( /^n^/ev/z/re')  that  he  can  deceive  us. 

I  have  an  idea  that  they  are  right. 

We  believed  that  all  was  true. 

But  they  never  believed  that  he  told  it  to  us. 

We  were  convinced  that  everybody  was  mistaken. 

They  could  not  believe  that  no  one  was  with  you. 

J  Let  us  not  think  that  he  is  wrong. 
They  are  far  from  believing  that  we  went  to  Paris. 
Not  to  believe  that  they  are  generous  is  very  difficult. 

Exercise  a  for  Section  II 

Tout  le  monde  est  bien  aise  que  vous  soyez  id. 
Elle  s'^tonne  qu'ils  aillent  avec  elle. 
Nous  dtions  contents  que  notre  p^re  se  portcLt  si  bien. 
lis  sont  fichus  que  cet  homme  soit  si  malhonndte. 
Votre  oncle  est  f urieux  que  vous  ne  soyez  pas  venus 
plus  t6t. 

lis  aiment  qu'on  leur  dise  la  v^rit6. 

Nous  d6testions  qu'ils  nous  flattassent. 

N'avez-vous  pas  honte  que  votre  fr^re  soit  si  grossier  ? 

J'^tais  indign^  qu'ils  osassent  le  dire. 

Seriez-vous  content  qu'il  dit  la  v6rit^  ? 

Nous  regrettons  que  vous  soyez  obligi  de  partir  si  tot. 

Content  que  je  sois  la,  il  y  restera. 

Elle  serait  enchant^e  qu'on  le  lui  dft. 


PART   I.      EXERCISE    3  1 9 

No  one  likes  them  to  go  away. 
He  regretted  that  he  was  not  able  to  go. 
Be  happy  that  you  have  enough  to  eat. 
Do  not  be  ashamed  that  your  family  is  poor. 
Why  do  you  prefer  to  have  them  come  to-day  (that 
they  come,  etc.).*^ 

We  are  glad  that  they  like  him. 
You  were  angry  that  he  said  no. 

I  was  not  pleased  to  have  them  hide  the  truth  {that 
they  hid,  etc.). 

He  will  be  indignant  that  you  do  not  tell  him  at  once. 

Would  you  like  to  have  him  accompany  you  (that  he 
accompafzy,  etc.)  "^ 

Why  do  you  detest  having  us  talk  to  them  (that  we 
talk,  etc.).? 

Do  not  be  sorry  that  you  cannot  do  everything. 

Let  us  be  thankful  that  he  is  safe. 

Angry  that  you  said  no,  he  turned  his  back  on  you. 

Exercise  3  for  Section  III 

Le  general  commande  qu'on  les  fusille. 

II  desire  qu'on  le  fasse  a  I'instant  meme. 
A-t-il  defendu  qu'ils  lui  parlassent } 

lis  s'opposent  a  ce  que  vous  lisiez  leurs  livres.  Vou- 
loir  qu'on  perde  sa  fortune  n'est  pas  aimable. 

Je  veux  qu'elles  soient  heureuses. 

Permettez-vous  que  je  vous  disc  ma  fagon  de  penser  ? 

J'ordonnerai  qu'on  ne  soit  pas  puni.  II  insiste  pour 
que  nous  I'ecoutions. 

Nous  demandions  qu'il  le  fit  sans  aucun  delai. 

On  exigea  que  la  somme  fut  payee  d'avance. 


20  THE   FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

Est-ce  que  vous  consentirez  qu*elle  fasse  k  sa  t^te  ? 

II  suppliait  qu*on  lui  donn^t  du  cognac. 

J'entends  que  vous  ne  lui  manquiez  pas  de  respect. 

He  begs  that  I  will  go  at  once. 
We  wished  him  to  tell  us  his  name. 

I  desire  you  to  pay  the  money. 

They  will  order  us  to  cease  speaking,  but  I  shall  beg 
that  they  listen  to  us. 

Do  you  intend  that  your  father  shall  believe  that  ? 

How  can  we  exact  that  they  give  us  all  ? 

We  shall  insist  that  they  do  what  we  wish. 

Has  he  opposed  our  going  alone  (////?/  we go^  etc.)? 

They  would  allow  us  to  remain  with  their  friends  (that 
we  remain y  etc.). 

We  forbade  the  others  to  speak  of  it  to  you. 

My  friends  object  {s'opposer  d  ce  que^  etc.)  to  our  going 
without  them  (that  we  go,  etc.). 

To  exact  that  he  pay  the  whole  sum  is  not  cruel. 

Exercise  4  for  Section  IV 

II  est  impossible  que  vous  soyez  toujours  heureux. 
Le  malheur  est  que  personne  ne  soit  content. 

II  est  juste  qu'on  les  renvoie. 
II  se  peut  qu*il  se  soit  tromp6. 
II  est  convenable  que  M.  Faure  Taccepte. 
II  vaudrait  mieux  que  nous  sortissions. 
C*est  dommage  que  le  chien  soit  perdu. 
II  sera  bon  qu'on  nous  en  informe. 
II  est  6tonnant  que  nous  ayons  r^ussi. 
Est-il  merveilleux  que  je  ne  le  dise  pas } 


PART    I.       EXERCISE    S  21 

II  etait  important  qu'elle  ne  le  vit  pas. 
II  serait  inutile  qu'ils  le  lui  dissent. 
Est-il  a  regretter  qu'il  soit  arrive  ? 
II  etait  probable  que  vous  fussiez  venu. 
II  suffirait  que  nous  le  vissions  une  fois. 
C'est  bien  le  moins  que  vous  me  le  donniez. 

It  is  possible  that  he  will  see  us. 

It  is  not  probable  that  you  will  go  also. 

It  may  be  that  he  means  yes. 

It  was  useless  for  us  to  say  so. 

It  would  be  better  for  you  to  confess  it  frankly. 

Is  it  proper  that  we  accompany  them  ? 

Is  it  not  strange  that  they  never  come  alone  ? 

It  would  not  be  sufficient  for  that  man  to  undertake 
the  task  {sufficient  that  that  maji  undertake^  etc.). 

The  worst  is  {le  pis  est  que)  that  no  one  comes. 

It  was  improper  for  the  others  to  ask  you  that. 

It  was  not  time  for  the  train  to  start,  was  it }  The 
least  you  can  do  is  to  accept  {c'est  bien  le  moins,  etc.). 

It  would  be  necessary  for  every  one  to  hasten.  The 
least  he  could  do  was  to  pay  {c' etait  bien  le  moins,  etc.). 

It  was  to  be  regretted  that  our  brother  came  so  soon. 

It  would  be  natural  for  a  man  to  defend  himself. 

It  may  be  that  {il  se pent)  he  is  here. 

Exercise  5  for  Section  V 

lis  s'attendent  a  ce  que  nous  les  invitions. 

J'attendrai  qu'il  m'ecrive. 

Nous  craignons  qu'il  ne  vous  ecrive  pas. 


22  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Je  ne  Grains  point  qu*il  me  laisse  tomber. 

Cela  empdche  que  nous  ne  partions. 

Elles  n'emp^chaient  pas  que  leur  pere  vit  ses  amis. 

Nous  n'empecherions  point  qu'ils  ne  fissent  cela. 

La  crainte  que  vous  ne  soyez  en  retard  empechera  cela. 

A-t-il  n'\6  que  je  ne  fusse  avec  lui  ? 

Non,  mais  il  nie  que  vous  soyez  venu  avec  lui. 

Doutez-vous  que  nous  ne  soyons  gais  ? 

Emp^chez  que  cette  personne  ne  s'6chappe. 

Avez-vous  peur  qu'on  vienne  vous  dicouvrir?  Je 
disconviens  qu*il  Tait  dit. 

Nous  n'avons  pas  peur  qu'on  nous  d^couvre. 

lis  avaient  peur  que  leur  pire  ne  les  punlt. 

Je  craindrais  que  vous  ne  vissiez  pas  assez  distincte- 
ment 

Does  he  doubt  that  we  speak  the  truth  f 

We  fear  that  you  are  waiting. 

Wait  for  him  to  come  {//taf  he  come). 

Do  you  expect  some  one  will  arrive } 

We  did  not  fear  that  they  would  fall. 

They  were  afraid  that  they  would  not  succeed. 

Do  not  doubt  that  you  will  succeed. 

You  will  not  prevent  us  from  seeing. 

I  do  not  wish  to  prevent  you  from  seeing. 

Did  they  prevent  his  going  away } 

They  deny  that  they  prevented  him. 

But  they  do  not  deny  that  they  will  try. 

Do  not  fear  that  he  will  not  arrive. 

Let  us  never  doubt  that  they  tell  the  truth. 

I  should  be  afraid  lest  you  were  too  ill. 


PART    I.       EXERCISE    6  23 

I  cannot  deny  that  I  am  ill,  but  have  no  fear  that  I 
am  too  ill. 

The  fear  lest  he  fall  is  always  great. 


Exercise  6  for  Section  VI 

Je  lui  parlerai,  quoi  que  vous  en  disiez. 

Qui  que  ce  soit  qui  vous  ait  dit  cela,  je  ne  le  crois  pas. 

lis  n'ont  vu  quoi  que  ce  soit. 

Quels  que  soient  ses  talents,  il  ne  reussira  pas.  Si 
riche  qu'elle  fut,  elle  mourut  seule. 

Quelque  courageusement  qu'ils  se  battissent,  ils  furent 
vaincus. 

Quoi  qu'il  en  soit,  je  I'ai  vu  moi-meme. 

Quelques  lauriers  qu'on  lui  ait  decernes,  son  merite 
n'est  pas  grand. 

Quelque  riches  qu'ils  fussent,  ils  ne  pouvaient  payer 
cette  dette. 

Qui  que  ce  puisse  etre  qui  ait  dit  cela,  je  ne  le  lui  par- 
donnerai  pas. 

Si  forte  que  fut  sa  voix,  il  ne  parvint  pas  a  se  faire 
entendre. 

Quelque  savants  que  soient  les  auteurs  que  vous  con- 
sultiez,  prenez  garde  de  vous  y  meprendre. 

I  do  not  fear  him,  whoever  he  may  be. 
However  tall  they  are,  they  are  very  young. 
Whatever  his  courage  may  be,  he  can  feel  fear. 
As  rich  as  you  may  be,  you  cannot  buy  everything. 
Whatever  authors  you  consult,  you  may  be  mistaken. 
However  wise  he  may  be  whom  you  consult,  take  care. 


24  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

As  loudly  as  he  talked,  he  convinced  no  one. 
They  will  find  no  one  at  all  {qui  que  ce  sott).     How- 
ever it  was  {quoi  quilcnfi^tX  he  spoke  well. 

I  shall  give  him  nothing  whatever. 

However  that  may  be  {quoi  qu*il  en  soit\  let  us  begin 
again. 

Whatever  the  object  was,  it  was  very  heavy. 

Such  qualities  as  you  may  possess  {quelqucs  qualit^s 
que,  etc.),  you  must  persevere. 

Exercise  7  for  Section  VII 

Soit  qu'ils  fussent  b^tes,  soit  qu'ils  fussent  ivres,  ils 
restaient  muets. 

Je  le  ferai  k  condition  qu'ils  me  paient. 

Nous  venions  afin  que  vous  pussiez  sortir. 

Allez  maintenant,  a  moins  que  vous  ne  pr^f^riez  aller 
demain. 

II  m'a  vu  avant  que  j'aie  eu  le  temps  de  me  cacher. 
Dites-le  lui  avant  qu'il  ne  parte. 

Son  fils  riussira,  bien  que  tout  le  monde  dise  le  con- 
traire. 

Je  serai  \k  jusqu'i  ce  que  vos  amis  arrivent. 

Loin  qu'il  f(it  paresseux,  son  activity  ^tait  surprenante. 

Nous  irions  pourvu  qu'il  fit  beau. 

Suppose  que  vous  tombiez  malade  k  I'^tranger,  que 
f  erez-vous } 

Les  Fran^ais  parlent  mal  I'anglais,  si  tant  est  qu'ils 
I'apprennent. 

Le  voleur  se  sauva  sans  qu'on  pOt  voir  sa  figure. 

Je  ne  resterai  point  qu'il  ne  m'invite  aussi. 


PART    I.       EXERCISE    8  25 

Supposing  he  was  alone,  there  was  no  danger. 

We  went  in  order  to  see  them  early. 

They  set  out  before  we  arrived,  although  it  was  too 
soon. 

Wait  until  he  has  time  to  tell  us  his  story. 

Can  you  escape  without  their  seeing  you.!*  {Sans 
qtion  votis  voie.) 

He  works  slowly,  not  that  he  is  lazy. 

He  worked  very  slowly  if  he  so  much  as  worked  at 
all  {si  tant  est  que,  etc.). 

We  will  do  this,  provided  you  do  not  speak  of  it  again. 

In  case  you  become  ill  in  Paris,  ask  for  Dr.  X. 

Whether  he  is  old  or  whether  his  health  is  bad,  he  is 
very  weak  now. 

Come  in  before  it  rains. 

It  will  not  rain  unless  it  is  colder. 

Far  from  his  believing  us,  he  said  that  we  were  thieves. 

Exercise  8  for  Section  VIII 

Nous  cherchons  un  grand  chien  qui  soit  fidele  et  doux. 

.11  n'y  a  que  ce  chien-la  qui  puisse  vous  plaire. 

C'est  le  premier  que  j'aie  vu. 

II  n'y  avait  pas  d'enfant  qui  I'avouat. 

Pensez-vous  qu'un  homme  existe  qui  soit  toujours  con- 
tent } 

S'il  y  avait  un  homme  qui  fut  absolument  sans  souci, 
je  dirais  oui. 

II  n'y  avait  que  lui  a  qui  nous  pussion^  nous  adresser. 

Nous  voudrions  trouver  une  ville  dont  le  climat  fut 
toujours  sain. 


26  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Nous  sommes  les  premiers  qui  ayons  demand^  cela. 
Le  plus  bel  oeil  qu'on  puisse  imaginer. 
J'avais  besoin  d'un  guide  qui  connQt  ia  montagne  par 
tous  les  temps. 

You  are  the  last  man  who  saw  him. 

He  was  the  best  friend  they  had. 

There  is  no  one  but  you  who  can  tell  her. 

We  desire  a  book  which  contains  a  clear  history  of 
the  Revolution. 

Is  there  a  man  who  never  is  wrong  .^ 

If  you  had  a  newspaper  which  was  always  right,  you 
would  be  rich. 

There  are  few  women  who  like  to  tell  their  age. 

We  intend  to  go  to  a  city  where  there  is  no  disease. 

The  richest  king  who  ever  existed  had  no  city  without 
illness. 

There  was  no  one  who  said  thank  you. 

There  will  be  but  few  children  there  who  are  well 
brought  up. 

Give  me  a  chain  which  is  strong  but  lighter  than  this 
one. 

Exercise  9  for  Section  IX 

Est-il  venu  avant  aujourd'hui  ?      Pas  que  je  sache. 
Jamais  que  je  sache,  moi. 
Qu*ils  entrent  tout  de  suite. 
Je  ne  sache  pas  qu'on  puisse  entrer  sans  payer. 
Dieu  veuille  qu'elle  ne  meure  pas ! 
Plot  k  Dieu  que  vous  f ussiez  Ik ! 
Vive  le  President ! 


PART    I.       EXERCISE    Q  2/ 

Qu'elle  Tadmette  ou  qu'elle  le  nie,  mon  souci  n'est 
pas  grand. 

Puissiez-vous  reussir ! 

Perisse  Tidolatrie ! 

Vienne  qui  voudra,  je  ne  vous  quitterai  pas. 

Advienne  que  pourra,  il  ne  voudra  jamais  crier,  viva 
la  Republique. 

Dieu  soit  loue,  ils  sont  sauves ! 

Dieu  vous  garde  ;  ainsi  soit-il. 

Fasse  le  ciel  qu'on  arrive  a  temps ! 

Ainsi  meurent  tous  nos  ennemis ! 

La  Sainte  Vierge  benisse  ta  maison ! 

God  will  that  you  succeed ! 

So  perish  all  your  foes ! 

Long  live  the  king  ! 

Let  them  all  go  away. 

Please  God  that  he  be  not  too  late ! 

Whether  he  laugh  or  cry  about  it,  the  result  will  be 
the  same. 

May  she  have  no  difficulty. 

Let  come  what  may,  I  shall  not  change  my  mind. 

God  be  blessed,  the  war  is  ended. 

May  heaven  bring  it  about  that  he  be  right. 

The  crowd  responded,  so  be  it ! 

Let  him  lose  his  fortune,  and  he  will  understand 
better. 

Have  they  made  any  excuses  ?  Not  as  far  as  I  know. 
Never  to  my  knowledge. 

I  do  not  really  know  (je  ne  sache  pas)  that  we  can 
ask  that.     Let  her  write  the  letter  to-morrow. 


28  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Exercise  lo  for  Section  X 

Si  vous  Tessayez,  et  que  vous  r^ussissiez,  la  recom- 
pense sera  grande. 

On  eOt  fait  cela  il  y  a  longtemps,  s'il  avait  6x6  pos- 
sible. 

lis  Teussent  sauv6  s*il  edt  voulu  les  icoutcr. 

Un  homme  plus  g^n^reux  lui  eOt  dit  de  le  prendre. 

Mon  fr^re  aurait  saisi  la  bdte,  eftt-il  cntendu  le  mouve- 
ment  un  instant  plus  t6t. 

Eussiez-vous  frapp^  fort,  ils  auraient  ouvert  la  porte 
sans  se  douter  de  rien  ? 

Si  elle  e(it  6ti  ici  elle  eftt  pens^  tout  autrement. 

Une  autre  personne  efit-elle  h^sit^  ? 

Deux  minutes  et  il  fOt  tomb^  de  fatigue.  Qui  eQt 
dit  cela  ? 

Si  nous  allions  avec  vous,  et  qu*on  nous  demandAt 
notre  passeport,  que  dirions-nous  ? 

II  I'aurait  fait,  en  fftt-il  mort. 

If  we  permit  this  and  it  does  no  harm,  we  shall  have 
gained  much. 

He  would  have  had  greater  glory  if  he  had  worked 
for  humanity. 

I  would  have  saved  them  if  they  had  obeyed  me. 

Who  would  have  said  it  ? 

A  city  like  Paris  would  not  have  accepted  his  govern- 
ment. 

Another  general  would  have  surrendered. 

If  you  had  gone  at  once  and  had  asked  politely,  there 
would  have  been  no  difficulty. 


PART    I.       EXERCISE    II     ,  29 

Come  if  they  invite  you  and  the  weather  is  fine. 

Would  they  have  seen  us  if  we  had  not  made  a  noise 
like  that  ? 

He  would  not  have  assassinated  the  duke  if  he  had 
known  his  projects. 

A  man  who  wished  his  death  would  have  spoken  at 

once. 

Exercise  ii  for  Section  XI 

II  doute  que  vous  veniez. 

J'ai  peur  qu'on  ne  se  trompe. 

Avez-vous  besoin  qu'on  vous  disc  ce  qu'il  a  fait  ? 

lis  demandaient  qu'elle  fut  mise  en  liberte. 

Allez  vite  pour  qu'ils  ne  vous  voient  pas. 

II  etait  temps  qu'il  vint  a  leur  aide. 

Le  pere  mourut  avant  que  le  fils  arrivat. 

Elle  ordonna  que  tout  citoyen  portat  une  plume  rouge 
au  chapeau. 

Nous  preferions  qu'elle  allat  le  prevenir. 

lis  demanderent  que  la  ville  fut  brulee  avant  midi. 
J'irai  chez  lui,  bien  que  je  sois  malade. 

II  avait  le  regard  farouche,  quelle  que  fut  la  douceur 
de  son  caractere. 

Aimeriez-vous  qu'on  rudoyat  votre  soeur  ? 

Je  n'aurais  pas  cru  que  cela  fut  possible. 

Nous  dirons  non,  afin  qu'ils  nous  comprennent  dis- 
tinctement. 

Vous  aurez  fait  bien  peu  de  choses  qui  soient  utiles. 

Ne  pas  vouloir  que  je  reussisse!    Quelle  m^chancete  ! 

They  do  not  think  he  will  die. 

Did  he  order  that  all  set  out  that  day  ? 


30  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

Go  with  him  in  order  that  he  may  not  lose  his  way 
{s*/garer). 

It  was  astonishing  that  they  saw  us. 

Let  us  wait  until  he  comes  out. 

He  will  not  come  out  before  the  sun  goes  down  {se 
coucher). 

My  friend  was  the  last  who  spoke  to  them.  I  would 
like  them  to  stay  in  the  house. 

There  will  be  few  persons  who  will  believe  you.  Did 
you  wish  us  to  come } 

I  shall  regret  their  coming  {that  they  come). 

Has  he  not  ordered  that  you  leave  them } 

Prevent  him  from  falling  if  you  can. 

They  are  very  strong,  however  small  they  may  be. 

Would  he  come  here  without  our  inviting  him } 

He  would  not  wait  for  us  to  invite  him.  He  does 
not  doubt  that  we  shall  be  glad  to  see  him. 


PART   IL     MODIFICATIONS  AND    EXCEPTIONS 

Recommendations.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  part  of 
the  presentation  of  the  subjunctive  mood  will  not  be  read 
until  after  the  sections  of  Part  I  have  been  thoroughly 
investigated  and  the  main  rules  made  familiar  by  practice 
of  the  exercises. 

Before  taking  up  specific  exceptions,  a  moment's 
consideration  may  be  given  to  the  colloquial  use  and 
omission  of  the  subjunctive  mood. 

The  most  correct  of  speakers  sometimes  employ 
the  indicative  where  written  French  shows  invariably 
the  subjunctive.  One  hears  such  constructions  as  ''je 
ne  crois  pas  qiiils  vie^idront "  and  "  //  ne  dit  pas  qitil 
le  fera,'  which  are  probably  prompted  by  a  desire  to 
avoid  some  ambiguity  and  by  the  unnecessary  character 
of  the  subjunctive  mood  in  such  phrases.  These  ex- 
pressions are  not,  however,  to  be  considered  as  legiti- 
mate exceptions,  although  they  indicate  a  tendency  in 
modern  French  to  neglect  the  subjunctive  construction. 
The  same  tendency  is  seen  also  in  the  many  expedients 
resorted  to  in  speaking,  for  the  purpose  of  using  the 
indicative  or  infinitive  moods,  and,  above  all,  for  avoid- 
ing the  imperfect  subjunctive  tense.  In  a  large  number 
of  cases,  where  no  carelessness  of  speech  or  composition 
can  be  suspected,  it  will  be  found  that  the  rules  laid 
down  in  Part  I  are,  at  least  seemingly,  violated.  It  is 
to  such  modifications  and  exceptions  that  Part  II  is  to 
be  devoted. 

31 


32  THE   FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

iSection  I.     Belinnnir  and  Thinking 

Exception  I. 

Ne  croyez-vous  pas  qu'il  vous  pardonnera  ? 
Do  you  not  believe  that  he  will  pardon  you  ? 

A  negative  question  will  be  followed  by  the  indicative 
mood  because  it  is  essentially  an  assertion,  />.  it  implies 
the  answer  yes.  Here  the  example  given  is  equivalent 
to  vous  croyez  {tiest-ce  pas  ?\  etc. 

In  the  same  way,  what  is  called  a  rhetorical  question, 
which  is  meant  to  make  or  emphasize  the  affirmative  of 
the  idea,  will  have  the  indicative  mood.  As,  croyez-vous 
que  le  soleil  se  couchera  ce  soirf  the  meaning  of  which 
is  je  sais  bicn  que  vous  croyez^  etc.,  vtais  je  vous  le 
deinande  afin  d'avoir  votre  r/poptse. 

Note  that  this  so-called  exception  is  really  in  perfect 
harmony  with  the  spirit  of  the  rule,  if  the  meaning  of 
the  questions  be  looked  into. 

Exception  11. 

II  ne  croit  pas  que  la  terre  est  ronde. 

He  does  not  believe  that  the  earth  is  round. 

Croyez-vous  que  les  Fran<jais  sont  des  sots? 
Do  you  believe  that  the  French  are  fools  .^ 

This  second  exception  is  of  a  different  nature.  When 
something  which  the  whole  enlightened  world  admits  or 
denies  is  spoken  of  as  believed,  thought,  held,  or  the 
contrary,  or  the  belief  questioned,  the  indicative  mood 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  33 

will  always  be  used.  In  such  sentences  it  is  the  belief 
or  non-belief  which  is  in  doubt,  and  not  the  dependent 
proposition. 

It  is  easy  to  see  that  in  this  case  the  use  of  the 
indicative  or  subjunctive  mood  will  depend  upon  the 
unanimity  with  which  the  fact  spoken  of  is  accepted 
or  rejected,  and  also  upon  the  speaker's  own  opinion. 
Hence  the  choice  is  sometimes  a  difficult  one  to  make. 
There  are  cases  in  which  either  mood  could  be  employed 
with  perfect  correctness. 

Exception  III. 

The  verbs  refiecJiir  and  considerer  are  always  followed 
by  the  indicative  or  conditional ^  even  when  they  are 
used  negatively  or  interrogatively.  This  is,  seemingly, 
because  in  their  case  there  is  never  any  doubt  in  the 
speaker's  mind  as  to  the  fact  referred  to. 

Consider ez-vous  que  P  affaire  est  tres  delicate  ? 

Do  you  take  into  consideration  that  the  business  is 
very  delicate  } 

lis  ne  reflechissent  pas  que  la  chose  serait  difficile. 

They  do  not  reflect  that  the  thing  would  be  difficult. 

Exception  IV. 

The  expressions  on  dirait  and  on  croirait  are  seen 
followed  by  the  subjunctive  when  there  is  an  implication 
that  the  dependent  clause  expresses  something  contrary 
to  fact  or  extremely  unlikely.  Otherwise  the  indicative 
is  used. 


34  THE   FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

On  dirait  que  le  livre  des  destins  ait  etc  ouvcrt  k  ce 
prophete. 

One  would  say  that  the  book  of  destiny  had  been 
open  to  this  prophet. 

N.B.  i^.  Occasionally  the  subjunctive  mood  is  found  in  the  de- 
pendent clause  after  affirmative  expressions  of  thinkings  believing^ 

etc.,  e  i:.  — 

Nous  6tion8  d'avis  qu'il  restit 

We  were  of  the  opinion  that  he  should  remain. 

This  use  is  not,  properly,  an  exception  to  the  rule.  The  sub- 
junctive seen  here  Ls  really  dependent  upon  some  verb  implied. 
The  phrase  quoted  is  an  elliptical  expression  for  Xous  Hions  d'^avis 
qtiil  vaudraii  inieux quit  restdt^  or  something  equivalent. 

In  the  following  extract  the  ellipses  may  be  easily  supplied :  — 

"  Les  sohiats  criaient  qWon  Us  mendt  an  combat ;  qu^ds  voidaient 
venger  la  mart  dt  Uur  pire  .  .  . ;  qii'a^fec  lui  ds  ne  craignaUnt  rien^ 
mats  quits  venger aient  sa  mart ;  qu^on  tes  taissAt  faire ;  qu'tts  itaient 
furieux;  et  qu'on  tes  nundt  au  combat.^ —  }*\MfL,  de  Si^vign^. 

2®.  DissifNtiter  and  ignorer  are  seen  followed  by  the  subjunctive 
mood,  but  not  necessarily.  When  the  subjunctive  mood  appears  in 
the  dependent  clause,  it  occurs  after  these  two  verbs  used  affirma- 
tively. The  indicative  follows  them  invariably  if  they  are  negative. 
This  looks  like  a  reversal  of  the  custom  in  the  case  of  croire^  fienser, 
and  the  like,  but  it  is  really  in  perfect  accord  with  it,  as  dissimuler 
and  ignorer  are  naturally  negative  in  meaning  and  become  affirma- 
tive when  a  negative  adverb  is  connected  with  them. 

/^ignore  (je  ne  sais  pas)  quit  le  dise. 

Je  n'^ignorais  pas  (Je  sal^ais)  qu^it  le  disad. 

3°.  Comprendre^  which  is  normally  followed  when  affirmative  by 
the  indicative,  and  when  negative  by  the  subjunctive,  appears  often 
in  colloquial  style  in  such  a  sentence  zsje  comprends  quUl  soil  riche^ 
or  nous  comprenons  que  vous  soyez  fatigues,  ayatU  tant  marcfU. 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  35 

These  sentences  do  not  mean  "/  understand  that  he  is  rich^^^  or 
*"' that  you  are  tired^'^  but  '•^  I  understand  how  it  is  that  he  is  rich^""  or 
"/*/  is  easy  to  believe  that  you  are  tired ^  The  meaning  of  cotn- 
prendre  is  changed  to  one  which  comes  properly  in  Section  II  of 
Part  I,  oi  judgment,  feeling,  etc. 


Section  II.     Feeling,  Opinion,  Judgment 

There  is  no  true  exception  to  the  rule  laid  down  in 
Part  I,  Section  II. 
Such  a  sentence  as  — 

II  est  convaincu  que  vous  etes  innocent, 

He  is  convinced  that  you  are  innocent, 
or 

Je  suis  stir  qu'il  est  rentre, 

I  am  sure  that  he  has  come  in, 

has  the  appearance  of  being  an  exception  to  the  princi- 
ple, but  in  fact  these  expressions  are  merely  forms  of 
assertion  of  belief  or  knowledge.  They  therefore  must 
be  classed  with  croire,  penser,  snpposer,  etc.,  in  Part  I, 
Section  I.  They  are  followed  by  the  subjunctive  mood 
in  the  dependent  clause  only  when  negative  or  inter- 
rogative.    (See  Part  I,  Section  I,  and  Part  II,  Section  I.) 

N.B.  1°.  After  verbs  oi  feelings  opinion,  etc.,  we  see  ^occasionally 
the  conjunctive  formula  de  ce  que  used,  followed  by  the  indicative 
mood  as  well  as  by  the  subjunctive.  This  formula  when  followed 
by  the  indicative  is  viewed  as  signifying  that  the  dependent  clause 
expresses  a  fact  about  which  there  is  no  uncertainty. 

II  se  plaint  de  ce  que  vous  vous  moquez  de  lui. 

He  complains  that  you  make  fun  of  him. 


36  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

The  meaning  of  the  above  example  is  that  what  he  complains  of 
is  an  indisputable  state  of  things  ;  whereas, 

II  se  plaint  que  vous  voua  moquiez  de  lui. 

does  not  set  forth  the  speaker's  own  opinion  as  to  the  truth  or 
untruth  of  what  is  complained  of. 

2°.  Farter  and  ga^er  are  seen  followed  by  the  subjunctive  mood  ; 
but  they  should  be  considered  as  expressions  of  belief  or  conviction, 
auid  hence  should,  when  affirmatively  used,  take  the  indicative. 


Section  III.     Wishing,  Ordering,  Forbidding,  Permitting 
Exception. 

J'espere  qu'il  ira  avcc  cux. 

I  hope  that  he  will  go  with  them. 

II  n'esp^re  pas  qu'on  lui  dise  tout. 

He  does  not  hope  that  they  will  tell  him  all. 

Esp^rez-vous  qu'elle  sera  arrivee? 
Do  you  hope  she  will  have  come  ? 

The  verb  csp^rcr,  in  spite  of  its  close  relation  as  to 
meaning  with  sonhaitcr,  vonloir,  d/sirer,  etc.,  does  not, 
when  affirmative,  give  occasion  for  the  subjunctive  mood 
in  the  dependent  clause. 

When  negative,  esp^rer  exacts  the  subjunctive,  and 
when  interrogative  it  is  sometimes  followed  by  one 
mood,  sometimes  by  the  other. 

N.B.  The  use  of  esphrer^  followed  by  a  past  tense  of  the  indica- 
tive, is  said  to  be  due  to  English  influence,  and,  though  not  rare,  is 
not  accepted  by  grammarians.  They  also  object  to  its  use  followed 
by  the  indicative  present,  which  is  now  frequent. 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  37 

Section  IV.     Impersonal  Expressions 

Exceptions. 

II  est  evident.  II  est  demontre.  II  parait. 

II  est  certain.  II  est  vrai.  II  me  semble. 

II  est  prouve.  II  s'ensuit.  II  en  resulte. 

II  est  fait.  II  est  probable. 

The  above  impersonal  expressions  are  of  such  a 
nature  that  they  are  practically  statements  of  fact,  and 
hence  are  followed  by  the  indicative  mood,  unless  they 
are  negative  or  interrogative. 

Notice  that  in  using  the  subjunctive  mood  in  a  clause 
depending  upon  any  of  these  expressions,  the  mere  fact 
that  the  principle  clause  is  negative  or  interrogative  is 
not  enough.  Careful  attention  must  be  given  to  the 
meaning  of  the  sentence  and  to  the  nature  of  the  thing 
referred  to  as  evident,  certain,  probable,  true,  etc.  The 
same  reasoning  applies  to  dependent  clauses  here  as  in 
Exceptions  I  and  II  of  Section  I. 

N.B.  i'^.  Although  //  me  semble  and  it  parait  are,  when  affirma- 
tive, followed  by  the  indicative  mood,  the  phrase  //  semble  may  be 
followed  by  either  indicative  or  subjunctive,  according  to  the  sense. 

II  semble  que  ces  hommes  sont  en  retard. 
It  appears  that  these  men  are  late. 

II  semble  que  ces  hommes  soient  en  retard. 
It  seems  as  if  these  men  were  late. 

2°.  When  exigencies  of  style  demand  that  the  subordinate  clause 
precede  the  impersonal  expression,  the  subjunctive  mood  will  be  used. 


38  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

Qu'il  8oit  parti  et  qu'il  ait  pris  la  clef,  cela  est  Evident. 
That  he  has  gone  away  and  that  he  has  taken  the  key,  that  is 
evident. 

3^.  Among  the  impersonal  forms  of  presentation  of  one^s  judg- 
ment or  opinion,  the  expression  //  jV«  faut  should  not  be  passed 
without  notice.     It  appears  with  certain  modifications;  as, — 

//  s'en  faut  beaucoup,  U  s'en  faut  presque  rien. 

It  s'en  faut  de  beaucoup,  Tant  s'en  faut. 

It  s" en  faut  bien.  Feu  s^enfauiy  etc 
It  s^en  faut  peu. 

The  above  expressions  are  invariably  followed  by  the  subjunctive 
mood,  as  would  be  expected  from  their  impersonal  character,  as 
well  as  the  quality  of  uncertainty  they  give  the  dependent  clause. 

Where  it  s'en  faut  is  used  negatively,  or  where  peu^  g^^^j 
presque  rien^  are  used,  giving  the  suggestion  of  a  negative,  the  de- 
pendent clause  must  contain  ne^  e.g.  — 

n  s'en  faut  beaucoop  que  I'un  soit  du  m^rite  de  Tatitre. 
There  is  a  great  deal  needed  for  the  one  to  be  of  the  merit  of 
the  other;  i.e.  The  one  is  far  from  having  the  merit  of  the  other. 

n  8'en  faut  peu  que  Tun  ne  soit  du  m^rite  de  Tautre. 
The  one  lacks  little  of  having  the  merit  of  the  other. 

4^  Tenir  appears  impersonally  in  a  formula  //  tient^  which  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  subjunctive  mood,  and,  when  negative,  by  ne  when 
the  dependent  clause  is  negative  also. 

n  tient  i  Toos  que  nous  alliens. 
It  depends  upon  you  that  we  go. 

II  ne  tient  pas  A  nous  que  cela  ne  se  dise. 
It  is  not  our  fault  that  that  is  not  said. 

II  ne  tient  A  rien  que  nous  ne  soyons  blesses. 
II  tient  i  peu  qu'il  ne  meure. 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  39 

Section  V.     ExpectatioUy  Fear^  Doubt,  Denial,  Prevention 

There  is  no  exception  to  the  use  of  the  subjunctive 
mood  in  a  dependent  clause  after  the  verbs  of  this 
group. 

As  regards,  however,  the  use  of  ne  before  the  sub- 
junctive mood  there  is  great  variation.  Sometimes 
douter,  used  interrogatively,  sometimes  craindre  and 
other  expressions  of  fear,  are  found  followed  by  a  de- 
pendent subjunctive  without  ne.  As  regards  questions, 
especially  negative  questions,  it  will  be  noticed  that  ex- 
pressions oifear,  and  likewise  those  of  doubt  and  denial, 
will  frequently  seem  to  violate  the  rule  laid  down  in 
Part  I,  Section  V,  for  the  use  or  omission  of  ne  in  the 
dependent  clause.  A  careful  scrutiny  of  the  77ieaning 
in  each  case  will  show  that  no  real  exception  is  to  be 
found  in  the  majority  of  cases. 

(See  exercise  for  this  section.) 

Note.  —  By  a  decree  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  of  the 
French  Republic,  which  took  effect  at  the  beginning  of  the  school 
year  1 900-1 901,  it  was  prescribed  that  in  all  examinations  regulated 
by  the  Bureau  of  Public  Instruction  "there  will  be  toleration  of  the 
suppression  of  ne  in  many  expressions :  empkher,  eviter  que  .  .  ., 
craindre,  avoir  peur  que  .  .  .,  douter,  contester,  nier  que  .  .  .,  // 
tient  a  peur,  it  ne  tient  pas  a,  it  s'en  faut  que,  etc.,  etc.^'' 

Section  VI.     Indefinite  and  Concessive  Phrases 

Clauses  of  this  kind  beginning  with  the  words  noted 
in  Part  I,  Section  VI,  always  contain  a  subjunctive. 

There  is,  however,  a  concessive  clause  beginning  with 
tout  which  has  the  indicative  mood. 


40  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

Tout  grand  quMl  ^tait. 
As  tall  as  he  was. 

Tout  sage  qu'il  est. 
Good  as  he  is. 

Tout  bless^  quMl  fut. 
Wounded  as  he  was. 

N.B.  1°.  Some  recent  writers,  following  the  analogy  of  clauses 
beginning  with  quoi^  qiuU  st\  etc.,  have  used  the  subjunctive  mood 
concessively  after  iottt^  as  was  once  the  custom.  This  construction 
is  not  sanctioned  by  the  Academy. 

2°.  In  clauses  of  a  concessive  or  indefinite  nature,  beginning  with 
qtiti^  guelque^  si\  etc.,  the  influence  of  the  introductory  formula  lasts, 
as  regards  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  mood,  till  the  concessive  or 
indefinite  part  of  the  sentence  is  ended,  even  should  several  verbs 
appear  in  it. 

Qui  que  ce  soit  qui  vous  ait  vu  et  vous  ait  dit  U  chose,  vous 
feriez  mieuz  de  oe  pas  U  r6p^ter. 

Whoever  it  may  be  who  saw  you  and  told  you  the  affair,  you 
would  do  better  not  to  repeat  it. 


Section  VII.     ConJuHCiive  Exfressiotts 

Exception  I.  Certain  conjunctive  expressions  are 
found  followed  by  the  indicative  or  the  subjunctive, 
according  to  the  intention  of  the  speaker  to  express  a 
positive  fact  or  something  uncertain.     These  are :  — 

De  facon  que in  such  a  way  that 

De  mani^re  que         ...  in  such  a  way  that 

De  sorte  que so  that 

En  sorte  que so  that 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  4 1 


De  telle  sorte  que 
Si  ce  n'est  que 
Sinon  que    .     .     . 
Tenement  que 
Tant  que     .     .     . 


ill  such  a  way  that 
if  it  is  not  that 
if  it  is  not  that 
SO  that 
as  long  as 


II  s'est  conduit  de  telle  sorte  qu'on  est  content  de  lui. 

He  conducted  himself  in  such  a  way  that  they  are 
pleased  with  him. 

lis  resistaient  tant  qu'ils  pouvaient. 

They  resisted  as  long  as  they  could. 

II  ressemble  k  son  frere  si  ce  n'est  que  celui-ci  a  les 
cheveux  plus  noirs. 

He  looks  like  his  brother  except  that  the  latter  has 
blacker  hair. 

When   these   expressions   mark   a  picrpose   or   some 
tmcertainty,  the  subjunctive  will  be  employed. 

Conduisez-vous  de  mani^re  qu^on  soit  content  de  vous. 

Conduct  yourself  so  that  they  may  be  pleased  with 
you. 

Faites  en  sorte  qu'ils  viennent. 

Manage  so  that  they  may  come. 

II  dira  oui,  sinon  qu'il  ait  envie  de  nous  contredire. 

He  will  say  yes  unless  he  has  a  desire  to  contradict  us. 

Vous  y  resterez  tant  que  vous  soyez  bien  portant. 

You  will  remain  there  as  long  as  you  are  well. 


42  THE   FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

Exception  II. 

Note  that  the  following  conjunctive  expressions  always 
precede  the  indicative  mood :  — 

A  mesure  que.  Dis  que. 

Ainsi  que.  Durant  que. 

Attendu  que.  Outre  que. 

Aussi  bien  que.  Parce  que. 

Aussit6t  que.  Pendant  que. 

Autant  que.  Si  bien  que. 

De  rn^me  que.  Tandis  que. 

Depuis  que.  Vu  que. 

N.B.  Some  grammarians  state  that  jitsqua  ce  que  takes  the 
i9tdicatwe  when  it  refers  to  an  unforeseen  e^'eniy  indtpemieftt  of  the 
prituipat  verb. 

This  use  is  now  too  rare  to  be  worth  taking  into  account.  It  is 
safe  to  follow yW^M'^  ce  que  by  the  subjunctive  mood  in  all  cases. 


Section  VIII.     Relative  Clauses 

Exception  I.  The  subjunctive  is  not  always  used  in  a 
dependent  clause  where  the  antecedent  is  modified  by 
a  superlative.  If  the  intention  of  the  speaker  is  to  ex- 
press a  positive  or  formal  fact,  and  call  attention  to  it 
as  such,  the  indicative  is  employed. 

C'est  la  seule  loi  qu'il  faut  suivre. 
It  is  the  only  law  one  must  follow. 

Les  Franqais  furent  les  premiers  qui  Pemployerent. 
The  French  were  the  first  who  used  it. 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  43 

Un  jeune  Genevois  fut  le  premier  instrument  dont  il  se 
servit. 

A  young  Genevan  was  the  first  instrument  he  made 
use  ofw 

A.  Chassang,  the  French  grammarian,  quotes  the  fol- 
lowing passage  from  Guizot,  to  illustrate  the  rule  and 
its  exception :  — 

Les  eveques  exergaient  au  VP  siecle  la  seule  magis- 
trature  qui  demeiirnt  debout  au  milieu  de  la  societe  bou- 
leversee,  magistrature,  a  coup  sur,  la  plus  perilleuse  qui 
////  jamais. 

Exception  II.  No  subjunctive  is  used  in  sentences  like 
the  following,  introduced  by  cest^  c'etaity  ce  ftUy  ce  sont, 
etc. : — 

C'est  le  plus  jeune  qui  restera  chez  les  parents. 

It  is  the  youngest  who  will  remain  with  the  parents. 

C'e'tait  le  plus  bel  homme  qui  avait  le  privilege  de, 

etc. 

It  was  the  handsomest  man  who  had  the  privilege  of, 
etc. 

In  such  sentences  the  part  played  by  the  relative 
clause  is  very  different  from  that  when  it  depends  really 
on  the  superlative  idea,  as  it  does  in  Case  i°.  Section 
VIII,  of  Part  I. 

The  test  can  be  made  by  paraphrasing  the  sentence, 
to  see  if  the  same  meaning  is  given  by  another  form ; 
as, — 


44  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

C'est  le  plus  jeune  qui  restera,  etc.  == 
Le  plus  jeune  est  celui  qui  restera,  etc. 

C'^tait  le  plus  bel  homme  qui,  etc.  = 
Celui  qui  avait   le   privilege,  etc.,  ^tait  le   plus  bel 
homme. 

N. B.  I".  Such  a  sentence  as  Le  soUilest  U  plus  brillant  des  corps 
que  nous  voyons  au  del  is  not  an  exception  to  the  rule.  The  true 
antecedent  is  corps,  which  is  not  modified  by  the  superlative. 

2^,  It  is  proper  to  call  attention  here  to  the  use  of  fu  before  the 
subjunctive  mood  in  relative  clauses  depending  upon  negative  or 
restrictive  ideas  (/>.  Cases  B  and  C,  Section  VIII,  of  Part  I). 

II  n'y  a  personne  qui  ne  dise  cela. 
There  is  no  one  who  does  not  say  that. 

Y  A-t-il  un  seul  homme  qui  ne  le  croie  ? 
•  Is  there  a  single  man  who  does  not  believe  it  ? 

II  ne  fait  jamais  cela  qu'il  ne  le  regrette. 

He  never  does  that  but  he  regrets  it. 

Voit-on  jamais  un  homme  qui  ne  se  plaigne  quelquefois  ? 
Does  one  ever  see  a  man  who  does  not  complain  sometimes? 

In  all  such  cases  the  dependent  clause  shows  ne  used  without 
pasy  to  be  translated  in  English  by  a  negative. 

Sections  IX  and  X.     (A^^  Exceptions) 


Section  XI.     Sequence  of  Tenses 

The  table  given  in  Part  I,  Section  XI,  is  generally  to 
be  followed  as  to  sequence  of  tense  in  the  use  of  the 
subjunctive  mood  ;  but,  as  the  student  must  have 
remarked  already,  there  are  many  cases  in  which  only 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  45 

the  meaning  of  the  sentence  can  determine  the  subjunc- 
tive tense  to  be  employed. 

The  only  sure  rule  then  is  this :  — 

Notice  what  tense  would  be  needed  in  the  dependent  clause  if 
the  indicative  or  conditional  mood  were  used,  and  then  choose  the 
corresponding  tense  of  the  subjunctive. 

The  Subjunctive  Tenses 

To  apply  the  rule  just  stated  observe  the  examples 
below :  — 

A.     I.    Je  suis  fort,  bien  que  je  sois  petit. 

I  am  strong  although  I  am  little. 

2.  Je  desire  qu'il  fasse  cela  demain. 

I  desire  that  he  do  that  to-morrow. 

3.  Allez,  afin  qu'on  vous  regoive. 

Go,  in  order  that  they  may  receive  you. 

From  these  three  we  infer  that  the  subjunctive  has 
but  one  tense,  the  present,  to  express  a  present  and  a 
future  idea. 

B.     I.    II  desirait  que  je  vinsse. 
He  desired  that  I  should  come. 

2.  Je  parlai  pour  qu'on  comprit. 

I  spoke  in  order  that  they  might  understand. 

3.  lis  demandaient  que  nous  le  fissions  le  lendemain. 

They  asked  that  we  do  it  the  next  day. 

Here  we  see  that  the  imperfect  of  the  subjunctive  not 
only  expresses  a  past  action,  but  that  it  expresses  such 
action  as  contemporary  with  that  denoted  by  the  prin- 


46  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

cipal  verb,  and,  moreover,  that  it  can  express  an  action 
viewed  as  future  with  reference  to  the  time  of  that  verb. 
Like  the  present  of  the  subjunctive,  it  acts  as  a  present 
and  as  a  future  with  reference  to  the  time  of  the  verb  it 
depends  upon.  (For  future  force,  see  third  example 
above.) 

C.  I.    Nous  sommes  desoles  que  vous  ayez  perdu  cela. 
We  are  very  sorry  that  you  have  lost  that. 

2.  Je  n'enverrai  pas  cette  lettre  sans  que  vous  I'ayez  lue. 
I  will  not  send  this  letter  without  your  having  read  it. 

3.  J'attendrai  que  vous  I'ayez  lue. 
I  will  wait  till  you  have  read  it. 

We  notice  here  that  the  perfect  of  the  subjunctive 
mood  expresses  a  past  action ;  but  that,  like  the  preced- 
ing tenses  of  the  same  mood,  it  can  give  also  the  idea 
of  the  future  as  viewed  from  the  time  of  the  principal 
verb.  (See  third  example  above.)  That  is,  it  serves  in  the 
dependent  clause  as  a  future  perfect  {futur  ant/rieur). 

D,  I.   n  ne  supposait  pas  qu'on  fiit  d^ja  parti. 
He  did  not  suppose  that  they  had  already  gone. 

2.  Attendraient-ils  que  nous  fussions  sortis  ? 
Would  they  wait  till  we  had  gone  out } 

3.  Je  desirais  qu'il  eut  fini  le  chapitre  k  trois  heures. 
I  wished  that  he  should  have  finished  the  chapter  at 

three  o'clock. 

This  fourth,  and  last,  subjunctive  tense,  known  as 
the  pluperfect  {plus-qne-par/ait),  denotes  that  something 
has  taken  place  before  something  else  which  has  taken 


PART   11.       MODIFlCATiONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  4*/. 

place.  That  is  clearly  the  function  of  a  pluperfect. 
But  we  find,  as  in  the  case  of  the  other  three  subjunc- 
tive tenses,  that  it  has  sometimes  to  play  the  part  of  a 
future  with  reference  to  the  time  indicated  by  the  verb 
of  the  principal  clause.    (See  third  example  under  D.) 

Now,  to  apply  the  rule  given  in  heavy  type  at  the 
beginning  of  this  section,  we  must  see  clearly  to  what 
tenses  of  the  indicative  and  conditional  moods  the  four 
subjunctive  tenses  respectively  correspond. 

In  the  dependent  clause  a 

^  1  .         .      -r^  fa-  present, 

bubiunctive  Present  acts  as      it. 
■'  (a  luture. 

^  ,  .         .       ^  ^  (a  past. 

Subiunctive  Imperfect  acts  as<  ,.  . 

•'  ^  (a  conditional. 

^   ,  .         .      T^     r  (a  past. 

Subiunctive  Perfect  acts  as       <     7. 

( a  future  perfect. 

Subjunctive  Pluperfect  acts  as]    -^    ^       ,         ,.  . 

t compound  conditional. 

All  this  will  be  plainer  if  we  take  examples,  using 
first  a  construction  which  takes  the  indicative  or  condi- 
tional, and  then,  while  keeping  the  same  tense  in  the 
principal  clause,  selecting  a  verb  which  requires  a  sub- 
junctive. 

II  ne  viendra  pas  (je  le  crois  du  moins). 
Je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  vienne. 

Vous  ne  venez  jamais  (a  ce  que  je  pense). 
Je  ne  pense  pas  que  vous  veniez  jamais. 

II  viendra  (il  le  faut). 
II  faut  qu'il  vienne. 


48  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

II  ne  venait  pas  (k  mon  avis). 
Je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  vint. 

II  n'est  pas  venu  (i  ce  qu'on  suppose). 
On  ne  suppose  pas  qu'il  soit  venu. 

II  n'^tait  pas  venu  (k  ce  qu'on  suppose). 
On  ne  suppose  pas  qu'il  f ut  venu. 

In  the  above  six  cases  we  see  each  of  the  four  sub- 
junctive tenses  depending  upon  the  same  tense  of  the 
indicative,  namely,  the  present. 

Continuing  the  process  and  varying  the  tense  and 
mood  of  the  principal  clause,  we  may  have:  — 

Je  croyais  qu'il  venait  tous  les  jours. 

Je  ne  croyais  pas  qu'il  vfnt  tous  les  jours. 

Je  crois  qu'il  oserait  venir. 

Je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  osAt  venir. 

J'avais  cru  qu'il  osait  venir. 

Je  n'avais  pas  cru  qu'il  osAt  venir. 

Je  croirais  qu'il  serait  avec  toi  plus  t6t. 

Je  ne  croirais  pas  qu'il  fOt  avec  toi  plus  tdt. 

In  the  last  four  examples  we  find  the  imperfect  sub- 
junctive following  the  present,  the  imperfect,  and  pluper- 
fect indicative  and  the  simple  tense  of  the  conditional 
mood.  It  should  be  clear  now  that,  although  the  rule 
emphasized  by  the  tabular  statement  in  Section  XI,  of 
Part  I,  is  a  good  common  guide  to  the  proper  subjunc- 


PART    II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  49 

tive  tense  to  be  selected,  the  true  test  is  the  meaning 
intended. 

Note.  —  It  will  very  properly  be  asked  why  the  perfect  indicative 
does  not  appear  in  the  table  in  Section  XI,  of  Part  I.  This  tense 
has  been  purposely  left  out  of  the  general  statement  because  of  the 
impossibility  of  making  any  categorical  rule  for  it  in  the  matter  of 
sequence. 

If  the  perfect,  or,  as  the  French  call  it,  the  passe  indefini^  be 
noticed  carefully,  and  its  nature  and  origin  considered,  it  will  be 
seen  to  be  really  a  present  tense,  referring  to  past  time  only  by 
implication.  Hence,  it  should  be  followed  by  a  present  or  perfect 
subjunctive. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  the  perfect  indicative  is  used  also,  and 
especially  colloquially,  as  a  past  tense  without  exact  limitation 
{passS  iitdefini).  In  that  light  it  seems  to  justify  the  presence  of 
an  imperfect  subjunctive  in  the  dependent  clause. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  usage  is  not  uniform  in  this  case,  the  per- 
fect indicative  being  seen  followed  sometimes  by  the  present  and 
sometimes  by  the  imperfect  subjunctive.  La  Grammaire  des 
Grammaires  (Girault-Duvivier)  gives,  as  examples  of  sequence,/ W 
voulu  que  tu  vmssesy  j^ai  voidu  que  tii  aies  ecrit,  and  j'ai  voulu  que 
tu  eusses  ecrit. 

Later  grammarians  seem  to  incline  to  the  idea  that  the  perfect 
indicative  should  be  treated  as  a  past  tense. 

A.  Chassang  (^Nouvelle  Grammaire^  cours  super ieur)  presents  it 
as  such,  giving  the  example,/'^/  ordonne  qtiil  vtnt. 

Brachet-Dussouchet  {Grammaire  Frangaise  Complete,  Ed.  V, 
p.  398),  while  pointing  out  changes  of  custom  as  regards  subjunctive 
tenses,  gives  the  following  as  instances  of  past  and  present  usage 
(recent  usage  in  parenthesis)  :  Comjne  j^ai  toujours  dtsire  que  vous 
soyez  {fussie2)^^\.c.  (Malherbe).  .  .  .  II  ft  a  pas  voidu  que  nous 
soyons  {fussions)  partis  plus  tdt  (Sevigne). 

Cledat  {Gramffiaire  Raisonnee^  p.  210),  in  speaking  of  the  well- 
known  line  from  Heraclius^  "  et  deja  Vempereur  a  comjnande  quHl 
ineure^''  says  ^'  the  verse  of  Corneille  is  perfectly  correct.  But  in  this 
case  he  could  have  written  also  qiiil  mourut.'''' 


50  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Brunot  (Grammaire  Hisiarique,  p.  485)  comments  on  the  same 
line  in  much  the  same  terms,  but  says  further  that  to-day  the  sen- 
tence would  have  to  read  differently,  ^'^  sous  peine  dUncorrection^' 

Lavenu  {Dictionnaire  RaisonfU  ties  Difficult^  tie  la  Langtte 
Fran^aise^  Ed.  1892)  gives  both  the  imperfect  and  the  perfect  sub- 
junctive as  following  regularly  the  perfect  indicative,  with  which 
ruling  certain  very  trustworthy  American  students  of  French  syntax, 
including  W.  D.  Whitney,  are  in  accord. 

If  the  writer  were  to  express  an  opinion,  it  would  be  that  the  dis- 
tinction between  the  preterite  and  the  perfect  indicative,  which,  as 
Darmstetter  says,  "  was  not  a  sharply  established  one  even  in  the 
old  language,"  is  passing  away,  and  the  perfect  tending  to  replace 
the  preterite.  The  obvious  inference  would  be  that  the  imperfect 
subjunctive  properly  follows  the  perfect  indicative,  the  use  of  the 
present  or  perfect  subjunctive  after  it,  although  the  older,  requiring 
nowadays  explanation  as  an  exception. 

The  ever  growing  distaste  for  the  imperfect  subjunc- 
tive in  French  shows  itself  especially  in  the  common 
use  of  a  present  subjunctive  after  a  conditional  tense, 

J'aimerais  qu'ils  viennent 
I  would  like  them  to  come. 

Je  voudrais  qu'on  me  disc  d'aller. 

I  would  like  some  one  to  tell  me  to  go. 

II  prdfererait  que  vous  le  trouviez  vous-mftme. 
He  would  prefer  that  you  find  it  yourself. 

Although  in  such  cases  strictness  requires  the  imper- 
fect subjunctive,  in  speaking  it  is  preferable  to  break 
the  rule  rather  than  to  employ  the  plural  forms  of  that 
tense,  particularly  those  of  the  first  conjugation.  If  any 
justification  of  the  present  subjunctive  in  this  construe- 


PART   II.       MODIFICATIONS    AND    EXCEPTIONS  5 1 

tion  is  needed,  it  may  often  be  found  in  the  fact  that 
the  conditional  is  used  by  a  sort  of  modesty  for  the 
present  indicative ;  as,  je  votidrais  for  je  veiix^  and  il 
prefererait  for  il prefere^  etc. 

Note.  —  In  the  decree  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  re- 
ferred to  under  Section  V,  Part  II,  as  admitting  the  suppression  of 
ne  in  certain  cases,  the  following  paragraph  appears  :  — 

"Correspondence  or  Concordance  of  Tenses.  —  It  will  be  proper 
not  to  show  too  great  severity  in  regard  to  the  application  of  the  rule 
which  requires  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  instead  of  the  present,  in 
subordinate  clauses  depending  upon  propositions  whose  verb  is  in  a 
past  tense.  It  is  better  to  tolerate  slight  incorrectness  than  to  exact 
in  an  absolute  manner  the  employment  of  forms,  several  of  which 
have  gone  out  of  ordinary  usage." 


EXERCISES 


Exercise  i  for  Section  I 


Ne  croit-il  pas  qu'ils  le  verront  ? 

La  bete  respire ;  crois-tu  qu'elle  vit  ? 

lis  ne  croient  pas  alors  que  le  feu  les  brulera.  Qui 
ne  pense  pas  que  Teau  est  n^cessaire  ? 

Ne  croyez-vous  pas  que  nous  irons  aujourd*hui  ? 
N*est  elle  pas  certaine  qu*elle  gudrira  ? 

Croirai-je  qu'un  mortcl  pent  pt^'ncStrcr  la  profonde 
demeure  des  morts  ? 

Ne  pas  croire  que  TAme  est  immortelle,  c'est  nier  la 
justice  de  Dieu. 

R6fl6chissez-vous  que  ce  que  vous  dites  est  mal- 
honn^te  ? 

lis  n'ont  point  consid6r6  que  la  depense  serait  ^norme. 

On  dirait  que  vous  ayez  oubli6  les  convenances.  On 
ignore  qu'il  soit  jeune. 

Je  suis  d'avis  que  nous  allions  directement  chez 
I'ambassadeur. 

On  croirait  que  vous  n'^tes  pas  sur. 

£tes-vous  sOr  qu*ils  le  sachent  ? 

Nous  ne  dissimulons  point  que  la  question  est  difficile. 

Do  you  not  suppose  that  you  will  grow  old  ? 
I    don't    conceal    the    fact   (dissivmler)  that    I    am 
already  old. 

He  does  not  know  (ignorer)  that  you  are  old. 

52 


PART    II.       EXERCISE    2  53 

Shall  we  presume  that  so  great  a  task  is  easy  for  us  ? 

You  did  not  reflect  that  great  tasks  are  never  easy. 

One  would  say  that  you  find  everything  difficult.  Did 
you  not  presume  that  it  was  lost  ? 

Does  he  believe  that  ice  is  cold  ? 

One  would  think  that  (crozre)  they  knew  that  already. 

Can  we  not  think  that  you  will  accept  ? 

Who  does  not  believe  that  sin  is  punished  ?  Some 
men  never  dream  (songer)  that  theft  is  sin. 

Would  you  suppose  that  a  man  saw  them,  but  said 
nothing } 

He  did  not  think  that  he  saw  them.  He  does  not 
believe  that  the  eye  sees. 

Do  you  wish  not  to  believe  that  you  will  succeed } 

Exercise  2  for  Section  II 

Est-il  sur  que  son  frere  le  fasse  '^ 
Je  suis  convaincu  qu'il  le  fera  volontiers. 
Elle  partage  leur  opinion  que  vous  vous  trompez. 
Se  plaint-il  que  Jean  ne  lui  obeisse  pas.'^ 
Non,  mais  il  se  plaignait  de  ce  que  Pierre  a  toujours 
et^  paresseux. 

Fache  qu'on  ne  I'ecoutat  point,  il  se  tut  brusquement. 
Je  parie  qu'on  nous  dira  que  la  porte  est  fermee  a  clef. 
II  a  gage  que  votre  depart  aura  lieu  demain. 
Parie-t-il  que  le  rouge  gagne  .-^ 
II  se  plaignait  de  ce  qu'on  I'eut  calomnie. 

We  are  not  certain  that  he  will  accept. 
He  was  sure  that  they  had  said  yes. 
They  complain  that  the  snow  is  cold. 


54  THE   FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

We  did  not  wager  that  you  would  go. 
I  shall  complain  that  no  one  listens. 
You  were  convinced  that  everybody  was  there. 
No  one  complained  that  it  was  cold. 
We  were  not  convinced  that  he  knew  our  names. 
I  bet  that  he  did  not  know  mine. 
I  am  sure  he  did  not  pronounce  my  name,  but  I  would 
not  wager  that  he  did  not  know  it 

Exercise  3  for  Section  III 

Le  cocher  esp^rait  qu*on  lui  donnerait  un  fort  pour- 
boire. 

Je  desire  qu'il  vienne  mais  j'espire  qu*il  ne  sera  pas 
parti  sans  avoir  achev6  cette  affaire. 

lis  ne  pouvaient  point  espirer  que  leur  frire  vfnt  si  tdt. 

Esp6rez-vous  qu'ils  soicnt  d6ji  venus  ? 

Espire-t-elle  que  nous  verrons  son  fils  k  Vienne  ? 

Je  n'espire  pas  que  mes  amis  soient  malheureux,  mais 
je  ne  puis  pas  souhaiter  qu'ils  r^ussissent  k  cette  entre- 
prise-li. 

N*esp^re-t-il  pas  que  le  temps  se  remettra.^ 

J 'avals  esp^ri  qu'elle  serait  arriv^e  ce  matin. 

L'espoir  que  vous  deviendrez  riche  vous  donnera  de 
la  patience. 

Do  you  hope  that  he  will  say  yes  ? 

I  don't  hope  that  they  will  succeed. 

He  hoped  that  we  would  invite  him. 

You  cannot  hope  that  he  will  die. 

Does  she  not  hope  that  she  can  see  her  father  soon  ? 

Had  you  hoped  that  we  would  have  started  yesterday  ? 


PART   II.       EXERCISE   4  55 

I  shall  never  hope  that  you  will  become  rich. 
Did  we  not  hope  that  they  would  invite  you  also  ? 
The  hope  that  he  may  see  his  mother  will  sustain  him. 
We  hope  that  he  may  have  conquered  the  opposition. 

Exercise  4  for  Section  IV 

II  est  clair  que  deux  et  deux  font  quatre.  II  me 
semble  qu'il  est  petit. 

II  est  probable  que  le  ciel  s'eclaircira. 

II  parait  que  vous  avez  ete  malade. 

II  est  vrai  que  I'enfant  a  grandi  vite,  et  il  en  resulte 
qu'il  est  faible. 

Est-il  demontre  que  j'aie  des  dettes  ? 

II  n'est  pas  prouve  que  vous  en  ayez. 

Est-il  certain  que  j'aie  gaspille  ma  fortune.-^  Est-il 
certain  que  deux  et  deux  font  quatre  ? 

II  semble  que  vous  soyez  oblige  d'admettre  cela.  II 
me  semble  que  c'est  beaucoup,  n'est  ce  pas  ? 

Que  vous  soyez  pauvre  et  que  le  travail  vous  soit 
necessaire,  tout  cela  est  vrai,  mais  il  ne  s'ensuit  pas  que 
cela  soit  un  malheur  irreparable. 

N 'est-il  pas  probable  que  notre  frere  est  mort.^ 

It  is  evident  that  you  knew  this. 

It  is  certain  that  he  can  see  us. 

It  follows  that  we  are  obliged  to  go  now. 

It  seems  to  me  that  you  are  too  young. 

It  appears  that  he  came  last  night. 

Is  it  true  that  he  will  come  ? 

Is  it  not  demonstrated  that  you  cannot  do  that  ? 

It  seems  that  they  will  succeed. 


56  THE    FRENCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

It  seems  that  you  did  not  succeed. 

That  you  can  run  and  that  you  are  young  and  that 
you  have  a  great  deal  of  strength,  all  that  is  clear. 
Does  it  follow  that  no  task  is  too  difficult  for  you  ? 

Is  it  clear  that  three  are  stronger  than  two  ?  Very 
well,  it  results  from  that  that  we  are  stronger  than  you. 

It  is  probable  that  you  are  right. 

It  is  certain  that  every  one  will  say,  "  He  is  right." 

Exercise  5  for  Section  V 

II  emp^chait  qu'on  ne  partit. 
Craignez  que  le  ciel  ne  vous  haYsse. 
Craignez-vous  qu'il  ne  vienne  ? 
Ne  craint-il  pas  que  vous  ne  soyez  absent  ? 
II  ne  craint  pas  que  nous  soyons  trop  tard. 
Je  ne  craignais  point  qu'elle  tombAt. 
lis  ne  pouvaient  pas  apprt^hender  que  vous  fussiez 
parti. 

II  a  couru  de  crainte  que  Theure  ne  (dt  d^ji  pass^e. 

N'ayez  pas  peur  qu'on  nous  oublie. 

A vez-vous  peur  que  la  terre  cesse  de  tourner  ? 

Doute-t-elle  que  nous  ne  sachions  tout  cela } 

Ne  doutait-il  pas  que  cela  fOt  vrai  ? 

Nions  que  nous  ayons  cass6  le  vase. 

Niez-vous  que  le  vase  ne  soit  cass6  ? 

Ne  nie-t-il  pas  que  ses  camarades  Taient  cass6  ? 

Empechons-nous  qu'il  ne  sorte  ? 

Cela  n'empeche  pas  que  vous  ne  voyiez  le  ciel. 

Does  he  fear  that  you  will  fall  ? 

You  did  not  apprehend  that  we  would  go. 


PART    II.      EXERCISE   6  57 

Did  he  fear  that  the  sun  would  set  too  early  ?  He 
could  not  fear  that  the  sun  would  do  that. 

We  cannot  prevent  the  sun  from  setting. 

Do  you  doubt  that  the  sun  sets  every  day  ?  Have  no 
fear  that  they  will  see  us. 

I  deny  that  they  can  see  you. 

We  do  not  deny  that  they  saw  us. 

Do  you  dare  to  deny  that  he  came  with  you  ? 

Are  you  afraid  that  they  will  see  you  in  the  dark  ? 

The  darkness  will  not  prevent  them  from  seeing 
something. 

Will  it  not  prevent  them  from  seeing  your  face  ? 
How  can  I  deny  that  it  will  prevent  that  ? 

We  should  be  afraid  lest  they  recognized  us. 

I  would  deny  that  you  were  with  us. 

Would  they  not  doubt  that  you  told  the  truth. 

Exercise  6  for  Section  VI 

Tout  petit  qu'il  est,  il  est  plus  ruse  que  vous. 

Toute  honteuse  qu'elle  etait,  elle  avait  le  courage  de 
le  r^peter. 

Qui  que  ce  fut  qui  I'apportat,  j'etais  content  de 
r  avoir. 

Elles  se  sont  remises  en  route,  toutes  fatiguees  qu'elles 
6taient. 

Si  fort  que  vous  fussiez,  vous  ne  pourriez  me  porter. 

Quelque  genereux  que  soit  I'ami  dont  tu  paries,  tu  ne 
devrais  pas  lui  demander  cela. 

Tout  bless6  qu'il  etait,  le  general  ne  voulut  pas  de- 
scendre  de  cheval. 


58  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Tout  itonn^es  qu'elles  ^taient,  dies  me  ripondaient 
tris  poliment. 

Quel  que  soit  son  succ^s,  il  le  mirite. 

Tout  contents  qu'ils  sont,  leur  succ^s  n'est  pas  grand. 

As  old  as  he  is,  his  endurance  is  wonderful. 

As  young  as  she  was,  she  sang  well. 

Whoever  came  and  asked  me,  I  said  **  No  matter." 

However  great  his  courage  is,  he  will  not  succeed. 

As  ill  as  they  were,  they  worked  all  day. 

She  will  not  rest,  as  weary  as  she  is. 

As  discontented  as  he  may  be,  he  has  received  all  he 
needs. 

You  could  not  say  more,  however  certain  you  might  be. 

Dark  as  the  night  was,  I  could  see  the  road. 

As  tall  as  he  may  be  who  carries  the  flag,  this  soldier 
is  taller. 

Go  at  once,  as  wet  as  you  may  be. 

Exercise  7  for  Section  VII 

Vous  vous  ^tes  conduit  de  mani^re  que  tout  le  monde 
vous  loue. 

Agissez  de  fa^on  que  votre  pire  soit  content  de  vous. 

Tant  qu'il  soit  heureux  je  le  garderai  ici  avec  nous. 

Nous  I'avons  tenu  tant  que  nous  le  pouvions. 

lis  m'accompagneront  si  ce  n'est  qu'ils  aient,  plus 
tard,  le  d6sir  de  voyager  plus  lentement. 

J'ai  fait  en  sorte  qu*il  6tait  tr^s  flatt^  de  sa  reception. 

Criez  tellement  qu*on  vienne  vous  chercher. 

J*aurais  ^t^  voir  votre  ami  si  ce  n'est  que  j'ai  eu  trop 
k  faire. 


f  UNIVH'^SITY  1 

PART  11.      EXERCISE   8  ^<^UfOn^0^ 


.    Nous  le  verrons  parce  qu'il  prendra  surement  cette 
rue-ci. 

Des  que  vous  aurez  le  temps  faites  cela  pour  moi. 
Je  le  ferai  aussitot  que  je  pourrai. 

He  remained  as  long  as  he  could. 

As  long  as  we  were  here  you  did  not  speak  to  us. 

I  shall  act  in  such  a  way  that  he  will  let  me  go. 

He  will  never  let  you  go  unless  it  be  that  he  is  obliged 
to  go  himself. 

As  soon  as  he  goes  out  (future)  you  will  come  down- 
stairs. 

Walk  as  much  as  you  can. 

Since  he  began  to  talk,  we  have  been  listening 
(present). 

There  is  no  difference  between  the  two  boys,  unless 
the  younger  is  a  little  taller. 

Write  in  such  a  way  that  they  may  know  the  whole 
truth. 

He  spoke  so  that  no  one  understood. 

Not  a  sound  was  heard  as  long  as  we  listened.  Wait 
as  long  as  you  can. 

While  you  listened,  did  he  not  cry  out  once  ? 

Exercise  8  for  Section  VIII 

Je  n^ai  vu  personne  qui  ne  le  detestat. 

lis  ont  laisse  vivre  le  seul  qui  pouvait  les  venger. 
Y  a-t-il  un  homme  qui  ne  le  sache  ? 

Ce  sont  les  seuls  maitres  qui  peuvent  nous  apprendre 
la  vie. 


60  THE   FRENCH   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Buvez  les  meilleurs  vins  que  vous  trouvercz.  Donncz- 
moi  un  livre  qui  me  plaise. 

II  m*a  donne  les  derniers  sous  qu'il  avait.     Voici  un 
liyre  qui  vous  plairait. 
^  C'est  le  plus  grand  qui  nous  plait. 

C'^tait  la  dernierc  qui  portait  la  cruche.  Ce  n'est  pas 
le  premier  qui  aura  le  prix. 

Le  plus  bel  arbre  que  nous  ayons  dans  notre  jardin 
sera  abattu  demain. 

La  plus  belle  maison,  que  M.  Dupont  vient  d'acheter, 
n*a  que  deux  Stages. 

Madame  D est  la  plus  petite  de  toutes  les  dames 

que  nous  connaissons. 

Niron  a  iXh  consid^r^  commc  le  plus  cruel  des  empe- 
reurs  que  Rome  a  eus. 

J*6pouserai  une  femme  qui  me  plaira. 

You  never  did  that  action  that  you  did  not  regret  it. 

The  English  were  the  last  who  returned.  There  is  no 
one  who  does  not  say  that. 

This  is  the  first  law  we  must  obey. 

The  finest  flower  I  had  is  withered. 

My  smallest  cat,  which  was  the  prettiest,  is  dead. 

Get  a  story  which  is  true. 

It  was  the  most  skilful  thief  who  escaped.  Give  him 
a  toy  which  he  likes. 

You  are  the  most  amiable  of  the  men  we  know.  Is 
there  a  man  who  has  not  sinned } 

I  desire  some  books  which  will  amuse  me. 

Is  there  any  book  which  will  amuse  you } 

The  largest  of  all  the  books  you  have  is  the  book  I 
wish. 


PART    II.       EXERCISE    II  6l 

The  smallest  book,  which  fell  from  the  shelf,  is  soiled. 

He  always  bought  the  best  shoes  he  could  find  in 
Paris. 

If  there  is  any  one  who  has  enough  money,  I  wish  to 
look  at  him.  He  must  be  the  most  contented  man  who 
ever  lived. 

Exercise  ii  for  Section  XI 

II  n'a  jamais  rien  fait  qu'il  ne  m'ait  consulte. 
Je  doute  qu'il  ecrive. 
II  faut  que  vous  ecriviez. 
II  a  demande  que  nous  soyons  prets. 
lis  ont  voulu  que  nous  allions  avec  eux. 
J'ai  empeche  qu'ils  ne  fussent  tues. 
Elle  a  souhaite  que  tu  parte  tout  de  suite. 
II  ignorait  que  je  lusse  le  journal. 
Supposiez-vous  qu'ils  fussent  sortis  ? 
Je  I'avais  cru,  quoique  la  porte  fut  fermee. 
Avaient-ils  ordonne  que  I'homme  fut  libere  ? 
On  craignit  que  le  soleil  ne  se  levat  jamais. 
Dieu  nous  a  donne  la  raison  afin  que  nous  nous  en 
servions. 

On  voulut  que  je  t'aidasse. 

Croira-t-on  qu'il  eut  fait  tout  cela  lui-meme  ? 

Douteriez-vous  qu'elle  ne  me  le  dit  ? 

Je  m'etonnerais  que  vous  eussiez  dormi. 

J'aurais  voulu  qu'il  vint  aujourd'hui. 

II  eut  mieux  valu  que  vous  le  dissiez  franchement. 

II  aurait  ete  impossible  qu'il  eut  fait  plus  que  moi. 

Nier  que  la  reine  soit  la,  ce  serait  trop  lache. 

Avoir  desire  qu'on  reussit,  n'etait-ce  pas  naturel  ? 

Enchantee  qu'elle  put  courir,  elle  s'elanga  vers  moi. 


62  THE    FkKNCH    SUBJUNCTIVE 

He  has  done  nothing  which  promises  well. 

Must  we  do  that? 

He  does  not  believe  that  he  wrote. 

I  did  not  think  that  he  was  reading. 

I  should  like  him  to  see  that. 

They  wished  you  would  start. 

Go,  in  order  that  you  may  return  early. 

We  did  not  know  {ipiorcr,  perfect)  that  he  said  that. 

To  deny  that  you  are  old  is  foolish. 

I  did  not  doubt  (preterite)  that  he  had  denied  it. 

It  had  been  necessary  for  him  to  run. 

Were  you  afraid  lest  they  had  arrived  ? 

I  would  not  be  sure  that  he  goes. 

We  shall  regret  that  you  did  not  come. 

They  would  be  astonished  that  you  had  seen  us. 

To  have  prevented  you  from  running  would  be  dis- 
agreeable now. 

He  went  without  seeing  me. 

Having  prevented  you  from  accepting  his  invitation  I 
invited  you  myself. 

They  will  be  delighted  that  he  has  not  gone. 

Would  you  have  been  angry  that  we  went  away } 

Admitting  that  no  one  knows  me,  what  shall  I  do } 

Do  not  fear  that  I  shall  weep. 

I  shall  fear  that  you  have  not  received  the  money. 


VOCABULARY 


(As  beginners  are  not  likely  to  use  this  book,  it  has  not  been  thought 
necessary  to  give  the  very  commonest  words  needed  in  translating  from 
English  into  French.) 


Able  (be),  pouvoir. 
Accompany,  accompagner. 
Act,  acte,  m. 
Action,  action,  / 
Admit,  admettre. 
Age,  ^ge,  m. 
Allow,  permettre. 
Alone,  seul. 
Already,  dejk. 
Angry,  fache. 
Appear,  parattre. 
Apprehend,  apprehender. 
Ashamed,  honteux. 
As  much,  autant. 
Astonished,  etonne. 
Astonished    (be),    s'etonner, 

etonne. 
Away  (to  go),  s'en  aller. 

B 

Back,  dos,  m. 
Become,  devenir. 
Beg,  mendier. 
Begin,  commencer  (k). 
Believe,  croire. 
Bet,  parier. 
Bless,  benir. 


Bring  up,  elever. 
Bring  about,  faire  que. 
Buy,  acheter. 


Carry,  porter. 

Certain,  certain. 

Chain,  chaine,/ 

Change     (one's     mind),     changer 

d'avis. 
Child,  enfant,  m.,f. 
Claim,  pretendre. 
Clear,  clair. 
Cold,  froid. 

Cold  (be),  faire  froid  (weather). 
Cold  (be)  avoir  froid  (persons). 
Come  out,  sortir. 
Complain,  se  plaindre. 
Conceal  a  fact,  dissimuler. 
Conquer,  vaincre. 
Consult,  consulter. 
Contented,  content,  satisfait. 
Convince,  con  vaincre. 
Cry  out,  s'ecrier,  crier. 


Danger,  danger,  m. 
Dark,  sombre,  obscur. 


63 


64 


VOCABULARY 


Darkness,  ol>scurit6,/. 
Death,  mtirt,/ 
Deceive,  tnmiper. 
Defend,  defenilrc. 
Delighted,  ravi. 
Demonstrate,  <lemontrer. 
Deny,  ni«r,  disconvcnir. 
Desire,  <lcsirer,  avoir  cnvic. 
Discontented,  mccontent. 
Disease,  maladie,  / 
Doubt,  (luutcr. 
Dream,  rdver. 
Duke,  <luc,  M. 

£ 
Early,  tot,  de  bonne  heure. 
Eat,  manner, 
Ended,  tun,  terminc. 
E.idurance,  resistance,  / 
Enemy,  ennemi,  m. 
Enough,  a»ftez. 
Eicape,  ^chapper. 
Everything,  tout 
Evident,  evident. 
Exact  (to),  exigcr. 
Expect,  s'attendrc  (Ji). 
Eye,  oeil,  w. 

F 
Fall,  tombcr. 
Far.  loin. 
Feel,  senlir. 
Find,  irouver. 
Fine.  beau.  tin. 
Flag,  (Irapeau.  m. 
Flower,  fleur,  / 
Foe,  ennerai,  w. 
Follow,  suivre  (it  follows,  il  s'en- 

suit). 
Foolish,  bate,  sot. 
Forbid,  defendre. 


Fortune,  fortune,  / 
Frank,  franc. 
Frankly,  franchement. 


Gain  (to),  gagncr. 
Generous,  genercux. 
Get,  obtenir,  prendre. 
Gift,  cadeau,  w. 
Glory,  gU»irc,  / 
Govemment,  gouvcrnement,  i 
Great  deal,  beaucoup. 


Happy,  heurcux,  content. 
Harm  (to  do),  faire  mal  (ii). 
Hasten,  se  hater  (dc). 
Hear,  entendre. 
Heavy,  lourd. 
Hope,  espoir,  m. 
Humanity,  humanity,  / 

I 
Idea,  idie,  / 
ni,  malade. 
Illness,  maladie,  / 
In  order  to.  aiin  de  (or  t^ue). 
Insist,  insister  (pour  que). 
Intend,  avoir  Tintention,  entendre. 
Invite,  inviter  (h). 

J 
Just,  juste. 

Justice,  justice,  / 

K 
Know,    savoir,    connattre   (not    to 

know,  ignorer). 
Knowledge,   le    savoir,   la  science, 

la  connaissance. 


VOCABULARY 


6s 


Last,  dernier. 

Law,  loi,/ 

Least,    le    moindre    (at    least,    au 

moins,  du  moins). 
Light,  leger. 
Like  (to),  aimer. 
Like,  pareil,  semblable. 
Listen,  ecouter. 
Live,  vivre,  demeurer. 
Long,  long  (as  long  as,  tant  que). 
Look,  regarder. 
Lose  one's  way,  s'egarer. 
Loud,  haut. 
Loudly,  haut,  tout  haut. 

M 
Make  a  mistake,  se  tromper. 
Mistake,  erreur,  / 

N 
Necessary,  necessaire. 
Newspaper,  journal,  m. 
Night,  nuit,  / 
Noise,  bruit,  m. 
No  matter,  n'importe. 

0 

Obey,  obeir  (a). 

Object,  objet,  m. 

Object  (to),  s'opposer  (^). 

Old  (to  grow),  vieillir. 

Once,  une  fois. 

Only,  seulement. 

Opinion,  opinion,/,  avis,  m. 

Oppose,  s'opposer  (k). 

Order,  ordonner,  commander. 

P 
Pay,  payer. 
Perish,  perir. 


Permit,  permettre. 
Persevere,  perseverer. 
Politely,  poliment. 
Poor,  pauvre. 
Possess,  posseder. 
Presume,  presumer. 
Pretty,  joli. 
Prevent,  empecher. 
Project,  projet,  m. 
Pronounce,  prononcer. 
Proper,  convenable. 
Provided,  pourvu  que. 
Punish,  punir. 


Quality,  qualite,  / 

R 

Rain,  pluie,  / 

Rain  (to),  pleuvoir. 

Read,  lire. 

Receive,  recevoir. 

Recognize,  reconnattre. 

Reflect,  reflechir. 

Remain,  rester. 

Return,  revenir,  retourner. 

Rich,  riche. 

Right,  droit,  m. 

Right  (be),  avoir  raison. 

Rise,  se  lever. 

Road,  chemin,  ;;/.;  route,  /. 

Run,  courir. 


Safe,  sauf. 

Save,  sauver. 

See,  voir. 

Seem,  sembler,  parattre. 

Set  (of  sun),  se  coucher. 


66 


VOCABULARY 


Shelf,  planche,  / 
Sin,  pechcr,  m. 
Sin  (to),  pecher. 
Since,  depuis. 
Sing,  chanter. 
Skilful,  habile. 
Slow,  lent. 
Slowly,  lentement 
Snow  (to),  neiger. 
So,  aussi,  si. 
Soil  (to),  souiller. 
Soon,  bient6t. 
Sorry,  flch6,  d6soli. 
Sound,  son,  m. 
Start,  partir. 
Strange,  etrange. 
Strong,  f«)rt. 
Succeed,  reussir. 
Sum,  somme,  /. 
Suppose,  supposer. 
Supposing,  supposi. 
Sure,  sdr. 


Talk  (to),  parler. 
Task,  tiche,  /. 
Tell,  dire. 

Thankful,  reconnaissant. 
Thanks,  merci. 
Thank  (to),  remercier. 
Thief,  vt^leur,  w. 
Think,  penser,  songer. 
Time,  temps,  m. 
To-morrow,  demain. 


Too,  trop. 

Toy,  jouet,  m. 

Train,  train,  m. 

True,  vrai. 

Try,  t&cher,  essayer. 

Turn  one's  back,  toumer  le  dos. 


Undertake,  entreprendre. 
Unjust,  injuste. 
Until,  jU8qu*2i  ce  que. 
Useless,  inutile. 

W 
Wager  (to),  gagcr. 
Wait,  attendre. 
War,  guerre,  / 
Way,  moycn,  m  ,  mani^re,/ 
Way  (lose  one's),  s'cgarer. 
Weather,    temps,  m.  (weather  is 

good,  il  fait  beau;  weather  is  bad, 

il  fait  mauvais). 
Weep,  pleurer. 
Wet  (to),  mouiller. 
Whole,  tout,  entier. 
Wise,  sage,  savant 
Work,  travailler. 
Worst,  le  pire,  pis. 
Write,  ccrire. 
Wrong  (be),  avoir  tort. 


Yesterday,  hier. 
Young,  jeune. 


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fteatb'B  /iDo&etn  Xan^uacje  Setiea* 

ELEMENTARY  GERMAN  TEXTS. 

Grimm's  Marchen  and  Schiller's  Der  Taucher  (van  der  Smissen).  Notes 
and  vocabulary.     Marchen  in  Roman  type.     65  cts. 

Andersen's  Marchen  (Super).  Easy  German,  free  from  antiquated  and 
dialectical  expressions.     With  notes  and  vocabulary.    70  cts. 

Andersen's  Bilderbuch  ohne  Bilder.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr. 
Wilhelm  Bernhardt,  Washington,  D.  C.     30  cts. 

Leander's  Traumereien.  Fairy  tales  with  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Professor 
van  der  Smissen,  of  the  University  of  Toronto.     40  cts. 

Volkmann's  (Leander's)  Kleine  Geschichten.  Four  very  easy  tales,  with 
notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt.     30  cts. 

Storm's  Immensee.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt, 
Washi'igton,  D.  C.     30  cts. 

Heyse's  L'Arrabbiata.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bern- 
hardt, Washington,  D.  C.     25  cts. 

Von  Hillem's  Hbher  als  die  Kirche.  With  notes  by  S.  W.  Clary,  and  with 
a  vocabulary.    25  cts. 

Hauff's  Der  Zwerg  Nase.  With  introduction  by  Professor  Grandgent  of 
Harvard  University.     No  notes.     15  cts. 

Hautf'S  Das  kalte  Herz.  Notes  and  vocabulary  by  Professor  van  der 
Smissen,  University  of  Toronto.     (Roman  type.)     40  cts. 

Ali  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves.  W^ith  introduction  by  Professor  Grand- 
gent of  Harvard  University.     No  notes.     20  cts. 

Schiller's  Der  Taucher.  W^ith  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Professor  Van  der 
Smissen  of  the  University  of  Toronto.     12  cts. 

Schiller's  Der  Neffe  als  Onkel.  Notes  and  vocabulary  by  Professor  Beres- 
ford-Webb,  Wellington  College,  England.     30  cts. 

Baumbach's  Waldnovellen.  Six  little  stories,  with  notes  and  vocabulary 
by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt.     35  cts. 

Spyri's  Rosenresli.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  for  beginners,  by  Helene  H. 
Boll,  of  the  High  School,  New  Haven,  Conn.     25  cts. 

Spyri's  Moni  der  Geissbub.     With  vocabulary  by  II.  A.  Guerber.     25  cts. 

Zschokke's  Der  zerbrochene  Krug.     W^ith  notes,  vocabulary  and  English 

exercises  by  Professor  E.  S.  Joynes.     25  cts. 
Baumbach's  Nicotiana  und  andere  Erzdhlungen.     Five  stories  with  notes 

and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt,     'x*'^  cts. 
Elz's  Er  ist  nicht  eifersiichtig.      With   vocabulary  by  Professor  B.  W. 

Wells.     25  cts. 

iCarmen  Sylva's  Aus  meinem  Kbnigreich.  Five  short  stories,  with  notes 
and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt.     35  cts. 

Gerstacker's  Germelshausen.  With  notes  by  Professor  Osthaus  of  Indiana 
University,  and  with  vocabulary.     25  cts. 

Benedix's  Nein.  With  notes,  vocabulary,  and  English  exercises  by  A.  W. 
Spanhoofd.     25  cts. 

Zschokke's  Das  Wirtshaus  zu  Cransac.  With  introduction,  notes  and 
English  exercises  by  Prof.  E.  S.  Joynes,  So.  Carolina  College, 
30  cts. 


t)eatb'B  /Bobern  Xanfluaflc  Series. 

JntroUuction  prices  an  quoted  unless  otherwise  stated. 
INTERMEDIATE  GERMAN  TEXTS.     (PartUl  LUt.) 

Stille  Wasser.  Three  Ules  by  Crane,  Hoffmann,  and  W i Men bruch,  with 
notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt.    35  cts. 

Auf  der  Sonnenseite.  Humorous  stories  by  Seidel,  Sudermann,  and  others, 
with  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt.     35  cts. 

Prommel's  Eineeschneit.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm 
Bcrnnardt.     30  cts. 

Keller's  Kleider  machen  Leate.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  by  M.  B. 
Lanjbert,  Hrooklyn  High  School    35  cts. 

Baumbach'8  Die  Nonna.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bern- 
hardt, Washington,  D.  C.    30  cts. 

Riehl*8  Culturge8chichtliche  Novelleii.    See  two  following  texts. 

Riehl'8  Der  Pluch  der  Scbbnheit.  With  notes  by  Professor  Thomas, 
Columbia  University.    25  cts. 

Riehl'8  Das  Spielmaimskiiid  ;  Der  ttmnme  RAtahmr.    Two  stories  with 

notes  by  A.  F.  Eaton,  Colorado  College.    a$  cts, 
Prancoifl's  Phosphorus  HoUunder.    W^th  notes  by  Oscar  Faulhaber.  so  cts. 
Onkel  and  Nicbte.    Story  by  Oscar  Faulhaber.    No  notes.    20  cts. 

Ebner-Eschenbach's  Die  Preiberren  Ton  Gemperlein.  Edited  by  Professor 
Hohlfeld,  Vanderbilt  University.    30  cts. 

Preytag's  Die  Joumaliateii.  With  notes  by  Professor  Toy  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina.     30  cts. 

Schiller's  Jungfrao  too  Orleans.  With  introduction  and  notes  by  Pro- 
fessor Wells  of  the  University  of  the  South.     Illustrated.    60  cts. 

Schiller's  Maria  Stuart.  With  introduction  and  notes  by  Professor 
Rhoades,  University  of  Illinois.     Illustrated.    60  cts. 

Schiller's  Wilhelm  Tell.  With  introduction  and  notes  by  Professor  Deering 
of  Western  Reserve  University.     Illustrated.     50  cts. 

Baumbach's  Der  Schwiegersohn.  With  notes  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt. 
30  cts. ;  with  vocabulary,  40  cts. 

Benedix's  Plautus  und  Terenz ;  Die  Sonntagsjager.    Comedies  edited  by 

Professor  Wells  of  the  University  of  the  South.    25  cts. 
Moser's  Kbpnickerstraase  I30.     A  comedy  with  introduction  and  notes  by 

I'rofessor  Wells  of  the  University  of  the  South.    30  cts. 
Moser's  Der  Bibliothekar.    Comedy  with  Introduction  and  notes  by  Pro 

lessor  Wells  of  the  University  of  the  South.     30  cts. 
Drei  kleine  Lustspiele.    GUnstige  Voruichen^  Der  Prouss^  Einer  muss  het- 

raten.    Edited  with  notes  by  Professor  Wells  of  the  University 

of  tlie  South.     30  cts. 
Helbig's  Kombdie  auf  der  Hochachnle.     With  introduction  and  aotes  by 

Professor  Wells  of  the  University  of  the  South.     30  cts. 
Keller's  Romeo  und  Julia  auf  dem  Dorfe.      With  introduction  and  notes 

by  Professor  W.  A.  Adams  of  Dartmouth  College.     30  cts. 

Complete  Catalogue  of  Modern  language   Texts  sent  on  request. 


Ibeatb's  /iDobern  %ammQC  Series* 

hitroduction  prices  are  quoted  unless  otherwise  stated. 
INTERMEDIATE  GERMAN  TEXTS.     (Partial  List.) 

Schiller's  Der  Geisterseher.  Part  I.  With  notes  and  vocabulary  by  Pro- 
fessor Joynes,  iSo.  Carolina  College.     30  cts. 

Selections  for  Sight  Translation.  Fifty  fifteen-line  extracts  compiled  by 
Mme.  G.  F.  Mondan,  High  School,  Bridgeport,  Conn.     15  cts. 

Selections  for  Advanced  Sight  Translation.  Compiled  by  Rose  Chamber- 
lin,  Bryn  Mawr  College.     15  cts. 

Benedix's  Die  Hochzeitsreise.     With  notes  by  Natalie  Schiefferdecker,  of 

Abbott  Academy.     25  cts. 
Arnold's  Fritz  auf  Ferien.     With  notes  by  A.  W.  Spanhoofd,  Director  of 

German  in  the  High  Schools  of  Washington,  D.C.     20  cts. 
Aus  Herz  und  Welt.     Two  stories,  with  notes  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt. 

25  cts. 
Novelletten-Bibliothek.     Vol.  I.    Six  stories,  selected  and  edited  with  notes 

by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt.     60  cts. 
Novelletten-Bibliothek.     Vol  II.     Six  stories  selected  and  edited  as  above. 

60  cts. 
Unter  dem  Christbaum.     Five   Christmas  Stories  by  Helene  Stokl,  with 

notes  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt.     60  cts. 
Hoffman's  Historische  Erzahlungen.     Four  important  periods  of  German 

history,  with  notes  by  Professor  Beresford-Webb  of  Wellington 

College,  England.     25  cts. 

Wildenbruch's  Das  edle  Blut.     Edited  with  notes  by  Professor  F.  G.  G. 

Schmidt,  University  of  Oregon.     20  cts. 

Wildenbruch's  Der  Letzte.  With  notes  by  Professor  F.  G.  G.  Schmidt,  of 
the  University  of  Oregon.     25  cts. 

Stifter's  Das  Haidedorf.  A  little  prose  idyl,  with  notes  by  Professor 
Heller  of  Washington  University,  St.  Louis.     20  cts. 

Chamisso's  Peter  Schlemihl.  With  notes  by  Professor  Primer  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Texas.     25  cts. 

Eichendorff's  Aus  dem  Leben  eines  Taugenichts.  With  notes  by  Pro- 
fessor Osthaus  of  Indiana  University.     35  cts. 

Heine's  Die  Harzreise.  With  notes  by  Professor  van  Daell  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology.     25  cts. 

Jensen's  Die  braune  Erica.  With  notes  by  Professor  Joynes  of  South 
Carolina  College.     25  cts. 

Holberg's  Niels  Klim.  Selections  edited  by  E.  H.  Babbitt  of  Columbia 
College.     20  cts. 

Meyer's  Gustav  Adolfs  Page.  With  full  notes  by  Professor  Heller  of 
Washington  University.     25  cts. 

Sudermann's  Der  Katzensteg.  Abridged  and  edited  by  Professor  Wells 
of  the  University  of  the  South.     40  cts. 

Dahn's  Sigwalt  und  Sigridh.  With  notes  by  Professor  Schmidt  of  the 
University  of  Oregon.     25  cts. 

Complete  Catalogue  of  Modern  Language  Texts  sent  on  request. 


l3eatb'9  /fto&ern  Xaufluaoe  Sertcs. 

ADVANCED  GERMAN  TEXTS. 

Schiller's  Ballads.     With  introduction  and  notes  by  Professor  Johnson  ot 

Uuwdoin  College.    60  cts. 
Scheffel's  Trompeter  nm  Slkkingeii.     Abridged  and  edited  by  Professor 

Wenckebach  of  Wellesley  College.     Illustrated.     65  cts. 
Scheffel's  Ekkehard.     Abridged  and  edited  by  Professor  Carla  \\  enckebach 

of  Wellesley  College.     Illustrated.    70  cts. 
Freytag's  Aus  dem  Staat  Friedrichs  des  Grossen.     With  notes  b>'  Pro- 
fessor Hagar  of  Owens  College,  England.     25  cts. 
Freytag's  Aus  dem  Jahrhundert  des  grossen  Krieges.    Edited  by  Pro 

fessor  Rhoades,  of  the  University  of  Illinois.     35  cts. 
Freytag's  Rittmeister  von  Alt-Rosen.     W  ith  introduction  and  notes  by 

Professor  ilattield  of  Northwestern  University.    60  cts. 
Lessing's  Minna  von  Bamhelm.     \\  ith  notes  and  introduction  by  Pro- 
fessor Printer  of  the  University  of  Texas.     60  cts. 
Letaing's  Nathan  der  Weise.     \N  ith  introduction  and  note«  by  Professor 

Printer  of  the  University  of  Texas.    90  cts. 
Lessing's  Emilia  Galotti.      With   introduction  and  notes  by   Professor 

Winkler  of  the  University  of  Michigan.    60  cis. 
Goethe's  Sesenheim.      From  DUhtung  und  Wakrtuit,    With  notes  by 

Professor  Huss  of  Princeton.    25  cts. 
Goethe's  Meisterwerke.     Selections  in  prose  and  verse,  with  copious  notes 

by  Or.  liernhardt  of  Washington.    $1.33. 
Goethe's  Dichtun^  und  Wahrheit.     (1-1 V.)     Edited  by  Professor  C.  A. 

Muchheim  of  King's  College,  London.    90  cts 
Goethe's  Hermann  und  Dorothea.     W  ith  notes  and  introduction  by  Pra 

fessor  Hewett  of  Cornell  University.     75  cts. 
Goethe's  Iphigenie.      With   introduction  and  notes  by  Professor  L.  A. 

Khoades  of  the  University  of  Illinois.    65  cts. 
Goethe's  Torquato  Tasso.     With   introduction  and  notes  by  Professor 

Thomas  of  Columbia  University.     7;  cts. 
Goethe's  Faust.    Part  I.   With  introduction  and  notes  by  Professor  Thomas 

of  Columbia  U  niversity.    #1.12. 
Goethe's  Faust.     Part  II.     With  introduction  and  notes  by  Professor 

Thomas  of  Columbia  University.     I1.50. 
Heine's  Poems.     Selected  and  edited  with  notes  by  Professor  White  c»i 

Cornell  University.      75  cts. 
Walther's  Meereskunde.      (Scientific  German.)     Notes  and  vocabulary 

by  S.  A.  Sterling  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin.     7;  cts. 
Gore's  German  Science  Reader.    Introductory  reader  in  ScientiHc  (ierman. 

with  notes  and  vocabulary.     75  cts. 
Hodge's  Scientific  German.     Selected  and  edited  by  Professor   'lodges. 

formerly  of  Harvard  University.     75  cts. 
Wenckebach's  Deutsche  Literaturgeschichte.    Vol.  I  (to  iioo  a.i>)  witii 

Stusterstiicke.     50  cts. 
Wenckebach's  Meistenxrerke  des  Mittelalters.    Selections  from  German 

translations  of  the  masterpieces  of  the  Middle  Ages.     ft. 26. 
Dahn's  Ein  Kampf  um  Rom.    Abriaged  and  edited  with  notes  by  Professo; 

Wenckebach  of  Wellesley  College. 
Goethe's  Poems.     Selected  and  edited  by  Professor  Harris  of  Adelbert 

College.    90  cts. 

Complete  Catalogue  of  Modern  Ltrnj^t^^  ^^.m^nf  ott  request. 
f  Of  THE 

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